Identification Of Poisonous And Non Poisonous Snake

identification Of Poisonous And Non Poisonous serpentINTRODUCTIONSnakes atomic number 18 one of the near interesting reptilian creatures of earth. They argon interesting as for the purpose of field of view as well as research and that is so because of the one character they possess in them and that is in that location Poison which is c exclusivelyed by the name of Venom. Unlike all reptile serpents ar poisonous entirely not all of them. A few species among them failed to catch that character. This malevolence act as ii useful weapon as well as defense shield against its pray and enemy.The snake in the grass malevolency is a hazardous protein and characterized by very complex compositions. It is slimy egg-like embarrassing liquid having slightly fishy smell. It is the complex set of harmful toxi sack upts as well as proteins. opposite than toxicants and proteins the snake s stigmatizeefulness agrees several peptides, aminic pane of glasss, carbohyd yards, lipids , nucleosides, biological amines and metal ions, which make it direct off more complex than opposite normal proteins. Venom contains more than 20 kinds of enzymes and toxins, but the main ingredients of the venom are toxic proteins.The toxic component present in snake venom varies according to the snake species or even the venom secreted by the same snake in different season may alike vary. This changes the characteristic of different snake venom and decides its component in pharmacological, toxicologic and medical field. Snake venom mainly consists of neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, toxins that cause blood clotting, release toxins (that stops the blood clotting and blood remains to flow endlessly even after injury), harmful enzymes and other major components. The cytotoxic venom is more effective than the neurotoxic type venom, and it will work well-nigh immediately to the prey much(prenominal) as the mouse and frogs.Although the snakes are very calm and hideous animals (except a few ones) yet mortality rate associated with the snakebites is a serious public health problem in ab come forth all the region of the world, eespecial(a)ly in rural areas where medical facilities are low or absent. In India, majority of bites and mortality are collect to King cobra, Naja naja, Daboia Russelli Russells viper, Bangarus caeruleus (common krait) and Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper).1.1 Frequency of snake biteAbout 35,000 to 50,000 deal reportedly die of snake bite in India every public figure however, the unreported cases may be more in rural India. Estimated snake bites and (death) cases were reported as 25,000(30) in Europe 6 20,000(100) in shopping centre East 45,000(15) in USA and Canada 3,00,000( 5,000) in Central and South the States 10,00,000(20,000) in Africa 40,00,000 (1,00,000) in Asia 10,000 (200) in Oceania all total worldwide 5 million ( 1,25,000). Death incidence due to snake bite is sort of rare in Australia, Europe and North America but comm on in South Asia, South-East Asia and Sub-Sahar an Africa. In Zimbabwe on 274 cases studied, 4 out of 5 3, 6, 7 children died who are under 8 years old.1.2 Identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snake(sourcewww.buzzle.com//venomous-snake-identification-identifying-poisonous-snakes.html)Poisonous snakes for the closely part possess the characters like vertically elliptical shaped cat like pupil.A small economic crisis (termed pit) between the eyes and nostrils.Triangle shaped head e.g. Copperheads and rattle snakes, exception- Elapids. rear scales of tail go completely all the way across in a single row from the anal plate the very tiptoe of the tail may possess two scale rows.Head and automobile trunk both are seen during smooth time.Generally of multiple colors. In contrast, non-poisonous snakes generally possess the characters likeRound pupil in the center of eye.U shaped head.Two rows of scales from the vent to the tail end.Only head is seen during swimming time.Gene rally of one color.Mostly stripes are from head to tail.1.3 advantage of Snake VenomSnake venoms are used to control kernel diseases, high blood pressure, cancer (contortrostain produced by Agkistrodon contortrix- is cytostatic in personality and found to lower the growth rate of breast cancer in mice), tumor, polio, neurological disorders (enzymes from cobra venom were found to cure Parkinson s and Alzheimers diseases), excessive expel (a blood clotting protein in Taipan venom stop bleeding during surgery or after major trauma), blood clotting (ancrod obtained from Malyan pit viper, used to develop angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to treat stroke victims), severe allergies amongst others. Other interesting areas of snake venom include the treatment of viruses (as venom contain phospholipidases which break down cell membrane), aging and some are even used in commercial wrinkle cream1.4 Phospholipase-A2Phospholipase A2 is one of the most intensively studied membrane prot eins which hydrolyze phospholipids at the sn-2 position to form dipper acid and lysophospholipid products. These are small proteins and the 3-D structures are cognise to high resolution for several species. Phospholipase A2 proteins are of high pharmaceutical refer since they are responsible for the release of arachidonic acid from membranes, and since the subsequent conversion of this bufflehead acid to leukotrienes and prostaglandins is part of the inflammatory response. The enzyme in any case shows very interesting interactions with the membrane on which it binds. It is activated in some way when it interacts with aggregated forms of the substrate, such as in micelles or in bilayers. Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are suspected to be involved in the binding of the enzyme to the membrane. Very undersize is known of the enzyme-membrane complex structure and why the enzyme reacts much more expeditiously once it binds its substrates in an aggregated form.The phosphol ipid molecule consists of a glycerol-3-phosphate (blue colour) esterified at its sn-1 and sn-2 positions to non-polar fatty acids (R1 and R2, respectively) and at its phosphoryl group to a polar head group, X. Phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2 cleave the acyl ester draws at sn-1 and sn-2, respectively. Phospholipase C cleaves the glycerophosphate bond whereas phospholipase D subscribes the head group, X. PLA, phospholipase A PLC, phospholipase C PLD, phospholipase D.Phospholipases2.pngFig-1.1 Phospholipase A2 Structure1.5 Phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) employmentAfter entering inside the body of gentle being venom containing PLA2 enzyme start affecting the cell membranes of almost all the cell organelles. Since cell organelles containing cell membrane are made up of phospholipids, hence this this phospholipids act as a reactant for phospholipase a2 and start reacting with it. This phospholipase a2 tends to form arachidonic acid which has an inflammatory sensation and this arachido nic acid further converted into PGG2 by use cyclooxygenases. This PGG2 further transcribed into PGH2 which forms 3 basic compounds PGD2, PGF2, and PGE2.On the basis of the ester bond that is cleaved within a phospholipid molecule, phospholipases are grouped into four families, namely A, B, C and D. Phospholipase A enzymes cleave the acyl ester bond at either the sn-1 (phospholipase A1) or sn-2 (phospholipase A2) position (Figure 1). The Whoterm phospholipase B is given to phospholipases that hydrolyze acyl ester bonds at both sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Enzymes grouped under phospholipase C cleave the glycerophosphate bond, while phospholipase D enzymes remove the polar head group.CUsersAMITDesktopFINAL PROJECTicb200456f1.gifFig-1.2Activity Chain of Phospholipase A2 inside prison cell MembranePhospholipase A2 is being suppressed by Lipocortins which is also known as Annexin. In human Annexin the common cellular protein is found inside the cell. tho outside the cell the annexin is al so found inside the blood because they are transported out of the cell into the blood. This is because of the lack of a signal peptide necessary for protein to be transported out of the cell.Since there are different informationset had been already prepared but could not found the IC50 value, due to which the working on this dataset could not be carried out further.1.6 Quantitative Structure Analysis Relationship (QSAR)QSAR plays an distinguished role in lead structure optimization and it can be predicted that QSAR mode will become essential for handling the huge amount of data associated with combinatorial chemistry. 3D-QSAR has already been successfully applied to many data sets of enzyme and sensory receptor ligands. The biological activity of molecules is usually measured in assays to establish the level of inhibition of particular signal transduction or metabolic pathways. Chemicals can also be biologically mobile by being toxic. Drug stripping often involves the use of Q SAR to identify chemical structures that could become good repressive effects on specific targets and have low toxicity (non-specific activity). Of special interest is the prediction of Log P, which is an important measure used in identifying drug-likeness according to Lipinskis Rule of Five. While many Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship analyses 9 involve the interactions of a family of molecules with an enzyme or receptor binding site, QSAR can also be used to study the interactions between the structural domains of proteins. As in the article Structural modeling extends QSAR analysis of antibody-muramidase interactions to 3D-QSAR, protein-protein interactions can be quantitatively analyzed for structural variations resulted from site-directed mutagenesis. In this study, a wild-type antibody specific for lysozyme and 17 single and double mutants of the antibody were investigated. Quantitative models for the affinity of the antibody-antigen interaction were developed.1.6 .1 3D-QSARThe 3D-QSAR methods have been developed to improve the prediction accuracies of 2D methods. 3D methods are computationally more complex and demanding than 2D approaches. In general, there are two families of 3D-QSAR methods alignment-dependent methods and alignment-independent methods. Both families need experimentally or computationally derived bioactive conformations of ligands as templates for studies.QSAR study revealed that alignment- independent descriptor and distance- based topology index are the most important descriptor in predicting apoptosis- inducing activity. 3D-QSAR study was performed using k-nearest live molecular field analysis (kNN-MFA) approach for both electrostatic and steric fields. collar different kNN-MFA 3D- QSAR methods (SW-FB, SA, and GA) were used for the development of models and tested successfully for internal (q20.62) and outer (predictive r2 0.52) validation criteria. Thus, 3D-1.7 ObjectivesTo retrieve the three- dimensional coordinates of protein and known active molecules against phospholipase-A2.To generate meaning(a) three-dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship model from active molecules.To analyze protein-ligand interaction of known actives against phospholipase-A2 molecular docking studies.To identify important scaffold of compound and their structural modification with helps in designing current molecules with improve activities.