The Law Enforcement Profession :: essays research papers

The rightfulness Enforcement ProfessionAbstract     In order to understand comptemporary virtue enforcemment, we shouldrecognize the conditions that impact our handicraft. It is agreed upon by manyscholars that major changes in law enforcement occur every five years. Policingis sometimes characterize"... like a sandbar in a river, subject to beingchanged continuously by the currents in which it is immersed..." (Swanson,Territo and Taylor, p. 2). However, in recent years some major changes haveoccurred in a shorter time period.Innovations in law enforcement     During the past two decades, I have observed major changes in theviewpoint of society towards police officers as the symbol of trust and dignity,the technological advances of communication and information systems in lawenforcement, and the revision of selection and hiring practices for policeofficers. Organizational change occurs both as a result of internal andexternal agent s (Swanson, Territo and Taylor, p. 664). These changes havemanifested both positive and prejudicial reverberations in the way we perform ourjob.     Police officials have contemplated for years over the key to maintaininga positive image for their organization. Unfortunately, several incidents inthe past years have altered societys perception of police in some communities.Police in America are no longer strangers to innovation born of scandal. Lawenforcement agencies nationwide have repeatedly been shaken by controversy andforced to make undesirable concessions. Has law enforcement failed to maintainthe high standards required by the profession? The cost of public trust is high.It increases each time faith must be regain.     Historically, law enforcement agencies throughout the nation haveexperienced periods of low potency in communities preceding episodes deemedto be a breach of trust. Early pioneers in law enforcement history such asAugust Vollmer (1902 - 1932). Berkeley Police Department and J. Edgar vacuum(1924) the Federal Bureau of Investigation made numerous advancements towardsimproving the professionalism of law enforcement (Anderson and Newman, p. 119 -120). Other attempts were made in 1956 by the International Association ofChiefs of Police select "The Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics" (Wilson andMcClaren, p.8)     Examples of several historical events locally have attributed tosocietys decline in respect for police. For example, nine members of a LosAngeles County Sheriffs Department special narcotics team were charged withmisappropriating tens of thousands of dollars confiscated in drug raids (L. A.Times, p. 4, Sept. 9, 1989). Another local incident involved 80 Los Angelespolice officers stormed and wrecked an apartment and allegedly beat severalresidents on "Dalton Street." The city was forced to settled in a civil lawsuit by the resident with a settlement of $3 million dollars of taxpayers bullion

The Repentant Lieutenant in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Repentant Lieutenant in Othello Othello, a William Shakespeare classic, sees the attempted ruination of the generals right-hand man on more than one occasion by the insidious and jealous ancient. lets achieve a better collar of the lieutenants case in this paper. Cassios biggest fall is with the Iago-schemed incident of inebriation. In The Riverside Shakespeare dog Kermode explains the total meaning of the deviation which Cassios alcoholism cost him Cassio, cashiered, studys he has lost what Othello is soon really to lose, his reputation I have lost the deific part of myself, and what remains is bestial (II.iii.263-64). (We must think of reputation as meaning not merely the honorable word of others, but that self-respect which is substantive to social beings, and without which they cannot function well in mysterious or public life. Without it, a man is no more than a beast.) (1200) Cassio is a bl give up of good and bad elements, a potpourri of positive and blackb all features. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespeare Othello, explains the ins and outs of Cassios personality Cassio is defined partly by the exigencies of the plot, which require him to have a poor head for drinking and to have a mistress but his chivalric worship of Desdemona, his affectionate admiration for Othello, which enable him even at the end to call him Dear General and to speak of his immensity in heart, and his professional reputation, which only Iago impugns, build up a complex portrait of an attractive, if flawed, character. In go against of his weaknesses, we can understand why Iago should be covetous of the daily beauty in his life and why Desdemona should speak so warmly ... ...d, a lowly later, in his sincere regret about the loss of his reputation after he has partaken of the wine which Iago has forced upon him. (85-86) WORKS CITED Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare Four Tragedies. New York Bantam Books, 1980. Bradley, A. C.. Sh akespearean Tragedy. New York Penguin, 1991. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeares Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire Richard smith Publisher, 1957. Kermode, Frank. Othello, the Moor of Venice. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare Othello. New York Penguin Books, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. The Repentant Lieutenant in Othello Essay -- Othello essaysThe Repentant Lieutenant in Othello Othello, a William Shakespeare classic, sees the attempted ruination of the generals right-hand man on more than one occasion by the insidious and jealous ancient. Lets achieve a better understanding of the lieutenants case in this paper. Cassios biggest fall is with the Iago-schemed incident of inebriation. In The Riverside Shakespeare Frank Ker mode explains the total meaning of the loss which Cassios drunkenness cost him Cassio, cashiered, thinks he has lost what Othello is soon really to lose, his reputation I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial (II.iii.263-64). (We must think of reputation as meaning not merely the good word of others, but that self-respect which is indispensable to social beings, and without which they cannot function well in private or public life. Without it, a man is no more than a beast.) (1200) Cassio is a blend of good and bad elements, a potpourri of positive and negative features. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespeare Othello, explains the ins and outs of Cassios personality Cassio is defined partly by the exigencies of the plot, which require him to have a poor head for drinking and to have a mistress but his chivalric worship of Desdemona, his affectionate admiration for Othello, which enable him even at the end to call him Dear General and to speak of his greatness in heart, and his professional reputation, which only Iago impugns, build up a complex portrait of an attractive, if flawed, character. In spite of his weaknesses, we can understand why Iago should be envious of the daily beauty in his life and why Desdemona should speak so warmly ... ...d, a little later, in his sincere regret about the loss of his reputation after he has partaken of the wine which Iago has forced upon him. (85-86) WORKS CITED Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare Four Tragedies. New York Bantam Books, 1980. Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Penguin, 1991. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeares Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire Richard Smith Publisher, 1957. Kermode, Frank. Othello, the Moor of Venice. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare Othello. New York Penguin Books, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electri c Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Discussing Bresslers definition of Marxism as a literary theory :: essays papers

Discussing Bresslers definition of Marxism as a literary theory Marxism is not the hot topic it once was. With the fall apart of Communist U.S.S.R., mainstream North America had thought it had seen the last of Marxism and the communist party. However, with the Peoples Republic of China becoming a reality, those early beliefs may have proven to be premature.Defining Marxism is not difficult. Marxism is the belief that the common workingman (the proletariat) is under a rule of tyranny by the upper class owners (the bourgeois.) Someday (according to Marx) the proletariats will rise up, trim back the bourgeois and create a society of communism. Communism is the political idea in where a society would be controlled mostly by the government. Personal spot would not be allowed and therefore eliminate the bourgeois a utopian society in which every man works for the common good.Marxists believe that (based on the works of Karl H. Marx) everything we do or think is influenced by the bourgeois. This is simple. Marxism becomes difficult when defining it as a literary theory. The original intentions of Marx were those of social and political revolution. Many of Marxs chase however, were and are scholars. Therefore the transition from a social economic theory to a school of literary criticism was inevitable. Charles Bressler is faced with this seeming difficult task of defining Marxism as a literary school of thought.Bressler attempts to define and explain Marxism as a school of literary thought by examining past Marxists, the assumptions which unrivaled must adopt and the methodology (as he does with every chapter.) He succeeds in some rears and fails in others. Bresslers definition of Marxism is as follows, the belief that reality itself burn be can be defined and understood, society shapes our consciousness, social and economic conditions directly influence how and what we believe and value, and Marxism details a plan for changing the world from a place o f bigotry, hatred and conflict due to class struggle to a classless society where wealth, opportunity, and education are accessible for all people. Bressler does a proper job here. He defines Marxism as it was originally intended an economic and social view of culture and its influences. He provides a clear, simple definition of Marxism which is easily understandable. later on this however, Bresslers chapter begins to fall apart. He succeeds in giving a brief description of Marxist events and theorists, but fails in his assumptions and methodology.

The Cricket Ball in the Sport of Cricket :: essays research papers

The Cricket Ball in the Sport of CricketCricket is iodin of the most exciting sports in world. It is played is most countries in world. Cricket is not that popular in Unites States but it is the most popular sports in countries handle India, England and Australia. Making cricket popular in America requires describing its equipments and the game itself. One of the most important equipment of this wonderful game is Cricket ball.The cricket ball is a little small than a baseball ball. It is round shaped, smaller than a wrist of an average size man. A cricket ball is made from a core of cork, which is layered with tightly wound string. It is covered by a leather case with a slightly raised sewn seam. The covering is constructed of intravenous feeding pieces of leather shaped similar to the peel of a quartered orange. A cricket ball only has one seam. The equator of the ball is stitched with string to form the seam, with a total of six rows of stitches. The remaining two joins in the midst of the leather pieces argon left unstitched. The ball is about nine inches in circumference and only weighs between 5.5 5.75 ounces. The surface of the ground where cricket ball is gobed matters a lot for the performance. This ball bounces a lot on a dry/hard pitch because of its hardness. However its the other way around if the pitch is wet/damp, this ball loses it bounce. Weather is also very important factor on how the ball behaves. In sunny weather the ball dont do much but if its windy the ball swings in air a lot. Therefore when the weather is no-account this ball sometimes becomes impossible to play.The most dangerous thing this ball does is Swing. Swing which is achieved by keeping one side of the ball embellish smooth and shiny and keeping the other side rough, and delivering the ball with the polished side forward, and the seam angled in the direction of desired swing. There are two types of swing balling in cricket. The out swinging ball moves away from the rig ht-handed batsman, while the in swinger moves in towards him. Normal swing is achieved by maintaining laminar boundary layer air-flow on the shiny side whilst creating turbulent flow on the seam side.

Napoleon Bonaparte Essay -- European History Corsica Essays

catnape BuonaparteNapoleon was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica, and was giventhe name Napole genius Buonaparte. He was the second of eight children of Carlo andLetizia Buonaperte, both of the Corsican-Italian gentry. Before Napoleone, noBuonaparte had ever been a professional soldier. His father Carlo, was a lawyerwho had fought for Corsican independence, but after the French occupied theisland in 1768, he served as a prosecutor and a judge and entered the Frencharistocracy as a count. Through his fathers influence, Napoleone was educatedat the expense of King Louis XVI, at Brienne and the Ecole Militaire, in Paris.Napoleone receive in 1785, at the age of 16, and joined the artillery as asecond lieutenant. After the revolution began in France, he became alieutenant colonel (1791) in the Corsican National Guard. However, whenCorsica declared independence in 1793, Buonaperte, a Republican, and a Frenchpatriot, fled to France with his family. He was assigned, as captain, t o anarmy besieging Toulon, a naval standstill that was aided by a British fleet, while inrevolt against the republic. It was hither that Napoleone Buonaperte officiallychanged his name to Napoleon Bonaparte, feeling that it looked more French.It was here too that Napoleon replaced a wounded artillery general, and seizedground where his guns could drive the British fleet from the harbor, and Toulonfell. As a result of his accomplishments, Bonapatre was promoted to brigadiergeneral at the age of 24. In 1795, he saved the revolutionary government bydispersing an insurgent mob in Paris. Then in 1796 he married Josephine deBeauharnais, the aim of two children and the widow of an aristocratguillotined in the Revolution. Early in his carriage Napoleon was showing signs ofmilitaristic geniuses and knowledge for formidable strategy. It was throughthe application of his skills, and a revolutionary style of spontaneousfighting styles than gave Napoleon the opportunities, which he jumped at, makinghis the great military leader he is known as today.Latter in1796, Napoleon became commander of the French army in Italy.He defeated four Austrian generals in succession, each at impossible odds, andforced Austria and its allies to nark peace. The Treaty of Campo Formioprovided that France keep most of its conquests. In northern Italy he f... ...ropean countries. Napoleon was a driven man,never secure, never satisfied. Power is my mistress (VI pg. 176), he said.His life was work-centered even his social activities had a purpose. He couldbear amusements or vacations only briefly. His tastes were for coarse food,bad wine, and for cheap tobacco. He could be hyp nonically charming for a required purpose of course. He had intense loyalties to his family and oldassociates. Even so, nothing or nobody, were allowed to interfere with his work.Napoleon was sometimes a tyrant and always an authorian. But one who believed,however in ruling by mandate of the people, expressed on plebisci tes. He wasalso a great enlightened monarch-a civil executive of considerable capacity whochanged French institutions and tried to reform the intuitions of Europe andgive the Continent a common law. Few historians deny that he was a militarygenius. At St. Helena, he said Waterloo will erase the memory of all myvictories. (VII pg.345) he was wrong for better or worse, he is bestremembered as a general, not for his enlightened government, but surely thelatter must be counted if he is justly to be called Napoleon the Great.

Napoleon Bonaparte Essay -- European History Corsica Essays

Napoleone BuonaparteNapoleon was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica, and was giventhe name Napoleone Buonaparte. He was the second of eight children of Carlo andLetizia Buonaperte, both of the Corsican-Italian gentry. Before Napoleone, noBuonaparte had ever so been a professional soldier. His father Carlo, was a lawyerwho had fought for Corsican independence, but after the French occupied theisland in 1768, he served as a public prosecutor and a judge and entered the Frencharistocracy as a count. Through his fathers influence, Napoleone was educatedat the expense of King Louis XVI, at Brienne and the Ecole Militaire, in Paris.Napoleone graduated in 1785, at the date of 16, and joined the artillery as asecond lieutenant. After the revolution began in France, he became alieutenant colonel (1791) in the Corsican National Guard. However, whenCorsica declared independence in 1793, Buonaperte, a Republican, and a Frenchpatriot, fled to France with his family. He was assigned, a s captain, to anarmy besieging Toulon, a naval base that was aid by a British fleet, while inrevolt against the republic. It was here that Napoleone Buonaperte officiallychanged his name to Napoleon Bonaparte, feeling that it looked more French.It was here as well as that Napoleon replaced a wounded artillery general, and seizedground where his guns could drive the British fleet from the harbor, and Toulonfell. As a result of his accomplishments, Bonapatre was promoted to brigadiergeneral at the age of 24. In 1795, he saved the extremist government bydispersing an insurgent mob in Paris. Then in 1796 he married Josephine deBeauharnais, the mother of 2 children and the widow of an aristocratguillotined in the Revolution. Early in his life Napoleon was showing signs ofmilitaristic geniuses and knowledge for formidable strategy. It was throughthe application of his skills, and a revolutionary style of spontaneousfighting styles than gave Napoleon the opportunities, which he jumped at, makinghis the great military leader he is known as today.Latter in1796, Napoleon became commanding officer of the French army in Italy.He defeated four Austrian generals in succession, each at impossible odds, andforced Austria and its allies to make peace. The pact of Campo Formioprovided that France keep most of its conquests. In northern Italy he f... ...ropean countries. Napoleon was a driven man,never secure, never satisfied. Power is my mistress (VI pg. 176), he said.His life was work-centered even so his social activities had a economic consumption. He couldbear amusements or vacations only briefly. His tastes were for coarse food,bad wine, and for cheap tobacco. He could be hypnotically charming for aneeded purpose of course. He had intense loyalties to his family and oldassociates. Even so, nothing or nobody, were allowed to interfere with his work.Napoleon was sometimes a tyrant and always an authorian. But one who believed, only in ruling by mandate of the people , expressed on plebiscites. He wasalso a great tyro monarch-a civil executive of enormous mental object whochanged French institutions and tried to reform the intuitions of Europe andgive the Continent a common law. Few historians deny that he was a militarygenius. At St. Helena, he said Waterloo will erase the memory of all myvictories. (VII pg.345) he was wrong for better or worse, he is bestremembered as a general, not for his enlightened government, but surely thelatter must be counted if he is justly to be called Napoleon the Great.

Business Edge Email

To David Johnson Subject Information on Business brink Dear Mr David Johnson Firstly I would like to thank you for your response to my email based on my application for the sales and marketing position you are currently have available. I am pleased to sock you would like further realiseledge of my completion of the Business Edge Program undertaken through my Bachelor of Business at Edith Cowan University. The design helped me develop a regorge of skills related to the sales and marketing role in which I have applied for.The following email testament represent the key aspects that Business Edge specified within my time in the program. I impart analyze the different components of Business Edge and the skills I have gained during the program. Additionally I will explain how these innovations will be beneficial to your company. As a result this email will give you background knowledge on my intake and catch of the Program. The Business Edge program is designed to help savants u nderstand the growing impact of international competition in businesses and employment and how to successfully operate in the global marketplace.The program introduces students to the concept of business and to various interpersonal, group work and organizational skills essential for university and employment success. The Program is alike geared to helping students to make up and improve their abilities in individual learning styles, group work, cross-cultural communication, business communication, critical thinking and ethical behavior. In addition, the Business Edge program introduces students to the concept of self-reflection, self-discovery, self- criticism, peer assessment and information and time management.Having completed this program I can tell you that it is an extremely unique course as it focuses on student centered learning. This means that there are plenty of role-plays, scenarios, interactive multi-media and activities where students develop their employability skil ls by doing. As the student you must use your previous knowledge and experience, slang these to real situations and learn from those around you so that your employability skills can be developed and refined along the entire length of the program.A key set apart I have developed through the Business Edge program is the ability to communicate. This gives me excellent employability skills such as forming effective relationships with customers and employees. This is a perfect attribute for the sales and marketing role. As someone interested in sales and marketing I think it is essential that you communicate effectively and form networks with customers and bloke clients. I think the ability to interact with others openly and objectively is vital criteria for the position and Business Edge has certainly given me a great expediency in this area.The main emphasis that the Business Edge program projected was on clear communication and presentations. Personally I feel to be a competent co mmunicator you must first be able to listen and understand others, in particular with sales because face to face communication is frequent and also phone conversation. I think my ability to understand clear communication and my advanced understanding of open questions will benefit your company greatly. I know when working in sales and marketing you have to allow communication to flow and invite open discussion.You must have a clear looking at as well as a good posture if talking to an audience, when talking on a phone your manner must be polished while still being clear and able to adapt. I believe that a good communicator is someone who can change the way they communicate to conciliate the person they are speaking to. You should discourse yourself in a way that makes sense to that person. I think the Business Edge program has helped me achieve this and it will be a great asset in the sales and marketing role. Another attribute that I developed through the Business Edge program is the ability to work in teams.The Business Edge program as stated earlier is student centered and the learning process is by doing. just intimately of this is done through group work, participating in various activities and presentations. Through these activities I could improve my self-confidence to a higher level. I got an idea about how to work in groups with mutual understanding and to respect others ideas as well. With the knowledge I gained from this unit, Im now able to get others give their ears to me and express my ideas in an effective manner in front of an audience.

Queen vs. Dudley and Stephens; opening statement

Before I begin, I want to remind you that this is the dally of law. In this country, the law states that any person who deliberately takes the life of a nonher is guilty of murder. There is no question as to who took the life of stomach, a domain with families and loved ones waiting for him to return from sea. The murderers sit in the seats of the defendants today. Thomas Dudley and Edward Stephens had deliberately took the life of Mr.. Brooks in his most defenseless state, therefore time out the law and deserve their rightful punishment.Here they are today, trying to excuse themselves from this devilish act. On July 5th, 1 884, a day no different others, Brooks, Dudley and Stephens was caught in a storm on the high seas 1600 miles from land. This bought them onto an isolated island with just two tins of turnip and no tools. They were trapped on the island for a total of thirty days. In the premier(prenominal) 12 days, the turnips was consumed, along with a turtle they caught. For the next eight days, they had no nourishment except for rain water and urine. By the 25th day, everyone was starving and weak.It was hold upon that they will draw straws and the loser will be eaten. At this point, is crucial to remember that this contract does not work in court for several reasons. i of which is that a spoken contract cannot be used as evidence in court because it is not concrete evidence. Another reason is that any contract, oral or written, based on an illegal purpose, in this case, homicide, does not and will not work In court. The next day, Brooks lost the drawing, but refuses to be eaten, Like any other normal human beings would.Hearing this, Dudley and Stephens agreed to kill and eat Brooks because he would die anyways. Using this obscene reason, they murdered him and supply on him. Five days later, they were rescued. And here they sit before us today, pleading to be excused. Their defense attorney will tell you a recital coated with loaded what-ifs. What if you were Dudley and Stephens? , what if you were as hungry as they were? , what if eating Brooks was your only choice? . I carry a what-elf of my own, too. What If you were Brooks?Would you agree to the stately fate of Ewing killed and eaten? The biggest fear In human Is death, no one In their right minds would want to die, especially in a way as inexorable as this. Let us stop and think about the question what if eating Brooks was your only choicer. In the English Law, the defense of necessity only applies when the harm the defendant sought to avoid outweighs the danger of the prohibited conduct he is charged with or if there Is no reasonable alternative. Lets re-examine the story. Dudley and Stephens killed Brooks to save themselves.One way to look at this Is that two lives are saved for the sacrifice of one, but there was no way to be sure that theyd stillness starve after eating Brooks. So the starvation they are trying to avoid by killing Brooks would only satisfy fo r the time being. In other words, the harm they are trying to avoid does not out-weight the crime of murder because murdering Brooks does not ensure that they will not face the nemesis of starvation again. Next, there was Cannibalism is frowned upon but it is not illegal like homicide.Also, while there was mom degree of necessity arising from the threat of starvation, a ship could have sailed over the horizon to save them any moment. As, indeed, the two were rescued. Since they could never be sure that the killing was actually necessary from one minute to the next, this defense does not work. Finally, theres the question of insanity. To be insane is to something without the knowledge of right and wrong and not being in control of ones body and mind. Wrong in this case stands for licitly wrong, and not morally wrong.They obviously new what they did was wrong or they wouldnt have felt guilty enough to admit to it. They knew they would starve to death if they didnt eat Brooks, which i s a sign of thinking and reasoning and according to their statements, they made an agreement to kill Brooks and eat him, which meant they were in total control of their body and mind antecedent to and during murdering Brooks. Their actions were morally and lawfully wrong. I am here today to request that they be hanged for their actions in the name of Justice. Thank you.

National Security and Free Press Essay

The adage of perception is reality is the impact media has regarding bailiwick security and the DoDs response to media. Since John F. Kennedys assignation, through the Vietnam War, OPERATION Desert ram to the present, people are fascinated with real-time media information for current events this information is truth in the publics eyes. President Bushs purpose to place troops in Somalia and President Clintons decision to remove troops from Mogadishu are national security ecisions made base on public perception (Belknap, 2001, 1).The National Security Council, consists of political officials, with the exception of the chiefs of staff military advisors these elected officials make decisions in the interest of national security based on public perception derived from free charge up. Free press impacts national security by decisions based on public perception and the DoD should implement free press to reveal benefits of military action in relation to national security (Snow, 2006, 4).Imbedded public media deployed with our C-130 unit with the intent of publicizing a passs perspective of combat operation. This made us feel our involvement is shared along with the greater media picture to give the public a more complete understanding of war from tactical to strategic perspective. In the book Lone Survivor, a Navvy SEAL Team on an operation in Afghanistan let perception of civilian casualties the media would relay, sway combat decisions to save military lives Lutrell, 2007, 232).This perception is the negative impact soldiers face these days. Media imbed within military trading operations will relay to the public a tactical level perspective of the national security implications of free press. Overall, public opinion is influenced by free press national security decisions are influenced by public opinion. The DoD should utilize the freedom of press to influence public opinion in the interest of national security. Belknap, Margaret

Ralph Lauren Essay

Ralph Lauren Corp is one of the best-known fashion design and licensing company in the world. The brand was launched in 1967 founded by Ameri post designer Ralph Lauren. Prior to starting Ralph Lauren, he worked for Brooks Brothers. In 1968 he started a cast of manpowers ties. By 1969 he had a b exposeique interpose within the Manhattan department store Bloomingdales. In 1971, Polo Ralph Lauren launched its first womens collection and his first store in Beverly Hills, California.Ten years later, in 1981, the brand went global with its first supranational store on Londons New Bond Street. The Polo Sport line was introduced in 1993. The brands mission is they ar always standing for providing quality yields, creating worlds and inviting mass to take part in their dreams. They are the innovators of lifestyle advertisements that order out a story and the first to create stores that encourage customers to participate in their lifestyle.And their vision is planning to open to a gr eater extent stores and increase mart share in the next fiscal years, positioning to begin taking advantage of international trades appetite for luxury goods. Ralph Lauren designs, markets and distributes luxury products domestic every(prenominal)y and globally. The companys brand names include Polo by Ralph Lauren, Ralph Lauren, Purple Label, Ralph Lauren, Black Label, Blue Label, Lauren by Ralph Lauren, Polo Jeans Co. , RRL, RLX, Rugby, RL Childrens wear, Chaps and Club Monaco.The company offers, along with its licensing partners, broad lifestyle product collections in four categories apparel, which includes collections of mens, womens and childrens clothing home, which includes coordinated products for the home, such as bedding and bath products, furniture, fabric and wallpaper, paints, broadloom, tabletop and giftware accessories, which encompass products such as footwear, eyewear, jewelry and leather goods, including handbags and luggage, and fragrance and skin care, of which products are sold under the Glamorous, Romance, Polo, Lauren, Safari and Polo Sport brands.The Company operates in three integrated business segments wholesale, sell and licensing. The company sells the products through department stores, specialty stores, golf and professional shops, as well as its own stores and licensed retail stores, concessions-based shop-within-shops, and e-commerce Websites. Distribution is accomplished at a domestic and international level with the three business segments.Due to the business expansion and fast growing e-business, the companys wholesale cited fast(a) demand in U.S and international market. As of the first pull back of 2013, Ralph Lauren had 329 retail stores around the world, and operated 240 wholesale of its own stores in the U. S, 100 retail outlets, 478 concession-base shop-within shops and 6 e-commerce websites. In the end of 2012, the total revenue reached to $6. 8 billion. According to Yahoo Finance, from the fourth quarter of 2012 to the first quarter of 2013, the total revenue reached 992. 1. There are two main competitors towards Ralph Lauren.Tommy Hilfiger(THC), though its subsidiaries, designs, sources and market mens and womens sportswear, jeans wear and childrens wear under Tommy Hilfiger trademarks. THC offers the products in the global market and engaged in wholesale, retail and licensing, Tommy Hilfiger reported earnings results from the fourth quarter 2012 and the first quarter of 2013, the revenue increased 9% to $891. 1 million from $815. 8 million in the prior years fourth quarter.So THC is the biggest competitor of Ralph Lauren. And another main competitor is Liz Claiborne Inc. LIZ), its designs and markets branded womens and mens apparel, accessories and fragrance products. This Company is operating wholesale, retail also and reaching consumers of various age, gender, size or value preference. Due to stripping out unfulfilled foreign currency losses and other items, the companys total revenue h as decrease. But it still reached $307. 4 million from the end of 2012 to the first quarter of 2013, which is the competitor for Ralph Lauren and share the market. Ralph Laurens strengths lie in its brand equity, infrastructure improvements, its history, and its financial strength.Ralph Laurens brand name and the logo are both recognizable and highly regarded in the fashion world. Polo Ralph Laurens classic style has allowed the company to expand its product portfolio into markets. High customer loyalty allows for a larger loot margin than most other companies in its industry. The powerful brand equity responsible for such a strong consumer following reduces the price sensitivity for retail sales, which was a strong factor in maintaining good performance. However, the weaknesses are in its dependence on department store sales and manufacturing.gross revenue from department Sales from department stores make up for almost one third of Ralph Laurens revenues. Sales in department stor es can be uncertain due to market share with competitors and the financial stability of these stores. Moreover, manufacturers has resulted in limitations with manufacturing for situations of high demand. Due to the high standards of the Lauren fashions. Laurens designs sometimes create new methods for quality with manufacturing, which hinder future growth. Laurens opportunities for growth include brand extension, and international expansion.International expansion presents a wealth of opportunity for Ralph Lauren. Their approach to each region is specific to its business humor and structure, while the common goal is to broaden their reach through increasing direct brand ownership and control with new specialty retail store openings. The strong, flexible infrastructure allows Lauren to capitalize on opportunities to grow businesses around the world. Lauren has a strong investment of $1. 1 billion comes from its stakeholders and long-term debt ratio just 7% at the end of first quarte r of fiscal 2013.The company financial and strategic fundamentals looks like very strong. It shows that Ralph Lauren is highly reliable. Wholesale and retail are the two main business segments of Ralph Lauren, accounting for well-nigh 97% of its revenues. About 45% of the retailers revenue comes from the wholesale segment, and the retail segment constitutes about 52%. In fact, the wholesale business contribution to overall revenues has been declining since 2008. It stood at 58% of total revenues in 2008 and 45% in 2012. On the other hand, the retail segment improved from 39% to 52% during the same period.So this trend will continue in the future with wholesales contribution approaching down to as low as 30%. t Moreover, the department stores market share has been declining in the U. S. retail market and the market per share has compensate from $179. 90 to $168. 41 between the end of 2012 and the first quarter of 2013, which representing the percentage 6. 39% decrease. Due to the i ncrease in the share of private label brands, such as the competitors expand their business by introducing the new lines for their products, Ralph Laurens specialty stores and other department store revenues will be impacted.Other factors such as the discontinuation of American Living brand and consolidation of China network will also weigh on the wholesale segments growth. The international revenue has crepuscle from 10% to 8%, which dragging its overall revenues down by 2%, especially in countries in Europe. From 2012, Lauren witnessed a sharp decline in its revenues from Europe due to its over reliance on the regions southern countries, which have been significantly impacted by the debt crisis.Lauren is facing problems in Europe principally due to the increasing cost of wholesale hipments and tax cost. Lauren set a high retail price on its products but people dont want to spend too much to buy it. Therefore, it result in the large surplus of the product. On the other hand, Laur en found out the high shipment and tax cost are mainly due to the unfavorable economic environment and its high concentration in the worst take out Europe. The retailer operates more than 600 stores in the region. As a result, it earns more than 60% of its revenues from this region and has high exposure to countries such as Spain, Italy and Greece, where economy remains weak.In addition to this, the retailer runs the risk of self-cannibalization due to its high concentration in these markets. Since the European business accounts for an important part of Laures revenues, the decreased from 10% to 8%, dragging its overall revenues down by 2%. The counterfeit eject which affects the Laurens brand image, especially happened in Asian market, such as China. The recite shows that Ralph Lauren being more focus on Asian market. For instance, in China, in that location are more than 16 retail stores and 23 factory stores opened in recent years.Therefore, the new problem counterfeit issue has shown up during Laurens expanding. It was reflected in people said that they have bought the counterfeit shirt in China. all the same in the U. S, more and more counterfeit clothes which have the same label with the authentic ones entered into market. The reason that cause this problem in China mainly due to the position of Ralph Lauren, Ralph Lauren have three color label (purple, black and regretful) series represent the different level of craft, but the retailer in the Asian market mix them together to sell. On the other hand, the high class series mainly remain in the U.S, and just a small touchstone exports to China.Therefore, the blue series which represent the low class are sold more. So people regard Ralph Lauren as cheap and common and believe it can just fit for the young people. They dont regard Lauren as one of the luxury goods brands. This opinion affect the position of the brand. The counterfeit products occur because the blue series it is easier to replicate. T he retailer doesnt classify the different Ralph Lauren labels probably because he lacking of strict emergencys for the site selection of the retailers.With the large growing population of China, more and more U. S company aim China as their second large market and wants to earn more market share. Ralph Laurens retailer had to lose the opportunity in the big cities and choose the customers in smaller cities as the object aimlessly. And the economy situation is different between the big cities and strong point-small cities it is easier to sell their products in big cities in order to build the good brand image. Moreover, brand image usually is cognized in big cities and then spread to other medium and small cities.Therefore, the need of the Ralph Lauren is affected by the development of the cities and as the result affects its performance. Overall, the brand image is affected by the counterfeit issue. For increasing the market share, there are a number of potential solutions. Intro duce new design for the existing product line, such as design more color on product especially for the apparel in different season. Peoples need is always changing, different color on the product will give people more options. Besides, U. S retailers should get more focus on online sale.Online is important trade group, it can attract more people to buy if they set off its own online-holiday-sale. In addition, online sales were expected to continue to outpace the growth in in-store sales. To take an advantage of online sale, The potential solution for the counterfeit issue all over the world, especially for the China market is building a good brand image. The problem here for Ralph Lauren is, people dont know whats real and what isnt. To build a good brand image, Lauren should stick to its commitment to the market and take more or direct control of its China operations, product, and quality.For example, compressed non-profitable stores and moving away from selling products in depa rtment stores to focus on setting up its own retail outlets. Due to the lacking of restrict requirement for the site selection and lacking of understanding of the brand for the retailers, Ralph Lauren now is probably a little behind the other luxury retailers in entering this market, so the they should consider the companys new stores in China must be in Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Guangzhou and surrounding regions.The other potential solution for the counterfeit issue is Lauren maybe can introduce the new unique product line for the international market. Such as the limit edition for the different product exclusively for each foreign market or make more different label tags on the product so that it is not easy to replicate. However, this requires Ralph Lauren had better do a lot research on different culture in order to make the best product to meet peoples need.

Origins of Sexism

How is it that the word defined as the attitudes or behavior ground on traditional stereotypes of sexual subprograms somehow became synonymous with en discriminating against wo hands? 1 When did this term adopt a negative connotation? The dictionary continues to attract the noun as discrimination or devaluation based on a persons sex. 2 The definition implies that the discrimination applies to both sexes, not that ace is the victim of the other. However, it is clear women be perceived as the inferior sex in our company, and apparently al focal points have been.Yet, although sexism is a relatively modern word, the idea was created by power-hungry men and deal out by biblical writers. In the way that a table is unstable if just one leg is fraction all(prenominal)y horror, the way patriarchy and matriarchy are silent affects how sexism is viewed. If you were to reference a dictionary in search of definitions, you would find almost mirror images- only, in a matriarchy it is the m other who is head of the circle, not the father. However, Cynthia Leer, rootage of The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory has a different take on this.She says, Matriarchy should be understood instead as the mastery of the Mothers way, or as, a demesne where wo patchish thing are valued and where power is exerted in non-possessive, non-controlling and organic ways that are ruinous with nature. 3 Matriarchy has gotten a awful report card through the years for being a term open to interpretation due to its much meanings. The pure purpose of the word, in its simplest run, is to describe a snip in which men were not the dominant sex. Another phrase greatly misunderstood is sexual urge roles.First, please disregard memories of your first grade teacher use the word gender instead of sex in order to keep laughter under control. Second, the two words are utterly different apples and oranges. sexual activity is a not a biological lineament it is not the label to explain which re productive organs a person may have. Instead, gender is a social characteristic that a companionship attaches to a biological sex to explain the expectations of behavioral norms and cultural signifi toiletce. In to sidereal days colloquial language, gender roles and sexism seem to be interchangeable. In actuality, gender roles serve as a mask for the greater travesty Of our duration sexism. The argument goes something like this Sexism has forever existed Women never hunted, because they were women and they were always confined to their homes. For the sake of argument, lets wee this is an curate statement. Even then, if women everywhere were confined to doing only feminine tasks and undertakings, the whole argument is still completely backwards sexism has not always existed.In fact, it is quite bestial to believe that very early societies would have been able to arrive at the mentality that one sex is superior to the other when every person was precious to the clan they all relied on each other to survive. There is no reason to believe that a matriarchal society ever existed, that an entire clan was ruled by a fair sex. But similar to chimpanzee communities that we study today, it is very probable numerous hominids (two-footed primates) lived in a maternity essentially, women were central to the society. Families were organise around the mother figure the only known piece to the puzzle of childbearing in prehistory. When children were born, they were automatically true into their mothers clan, named after her, and no sense of bar sinister lingered. 6 The mothers in prehistoric time were inclined to share provisions with their children and family members, and in time began feeding the entire clan solidifying the idea that women Were fundamental to the arrival of a civilization.Females sustained the clan by gathering fruits, vegetables and grains males gathered as well, but only enough to feed themselves and possibly a underweight male relativ e. Both sexes hunted small game and male-female groups hunted together with nets and spears. It is widely accepted, though, that only men hunted large game. When horti refinement became prevalent, (some time later- around 10,000 BCC) it is verbalise to be the work of women. 7 Aside from gathering food, providing about eighty percent of the nutrition received in a clan, women took on jobs that have good onto a stereotype that lingers in contemporary societies.Because early societies had yet to discover the link in the midst of sex and pregnancy, and because fatherhood was not a recognized position, men did not take on the responsibility of rearing children. Until relatively recently in the spectrum of humanity, every child demanded two to three years of their mothers time to breastfeed, and many women had multiple children within this age group at one given time. Regarding the aforementioned idea that every able body was necessary to the success of a developing clan, women could n ot afford to be del during childbearing years. It was in order to brinytain society that women had to be carefully tasked with chores. The main concern was that every chore was compatible with simultaneous child watching. Specifically women were given, assignments that did not require severe concentration, were easily interruptible, and most importantly, did not put children in danger, in a way that track down would. 9 This is how women fell into step with chores such as preparing daily food and spinning, weaving, and sewing clothes.It takes several hours of spinning yarn to create enough to falter in n hour, so women spun while they watched children and young girls spun while they tended to livestock. 1 0 With menstruation and pregnancy constantly present in these civilizations, and with game join only sporadically looking meat was very valuable to the women, who were always on the verge of anemia. 1 1 The anemia created another(prenominal) barrier between women and hunting in addition to the already-present complications of hunting during pregnancy or with children. Their bodies were too physically weak.Also, female bodily fluids are more potent to an animal thusly the women would be more easily sensed by their prey, making it almost counterproductive for a female to go on a hunt. 12 somewhat may argue that it still is indeed the femaleness of a woman that prevents her from a hunt. It IS not her designation as a woman that keeps her from participating in male activities, it is the fact that a womans body has different functions, abilities, and limits than a mans. In a functional society every person plays a specific role and no role is more important than another every single role is necessary for the society to thrive. Asking a man to breastfeed so that a woman could attempt to cut down a tree was and still IS irrational. ) It is to sexist for communities to fall into a way of life that allows every respective(prenominal) to contribute to their fu llest potential, thus creating a highly productive and efficient society. There was a time when the femaleness of a woman was not seen as a disadvantage by men, but rather it was revered and honored. Forty thousand years ago, before words could be written down, prehistoric peoples represented concerns, rituals, sacrifices, and more with cave art and carvings.It comes as no surprise that many of the oldest carved figurines lay out show admiration for a womans body her fertility and ability to take and feed hillier. 13 These figurines, called Venues, typically depict women who are fat, kempt, with giant breasts. 14 It might seem strange to a present-day woman how carving women as fat could possibly be flattering, let alone venerating. But a thin figure, something many women strive for today, would have been very troubling her children would have gone(p) hungry. We also kick to old preserved cave paintings for ideas of what culture was like before writing.In a remote part of centra l India, paintings of South briar tribes from 8000 BCC to 2500 BCC were found on rock shelters. Like many others, they epic animals, hunting, dancing, and symbolic designs. 1 5 In these specific paintings, there are more women drawn, and they are more detailed than the stick figure men. The women are painted as strong and capable women hunting and taking care of children all the while. To keep the traditions alive, South Briar women still partake in ritual hunting. 16 Sir Leonard Woolly called Cretan art the most inspired in the ancient world. 6 Paintings always show priestesses in the foreground with men behind them. Women in Crete were portrayed as merchants, farmers, chariot drivers, and hunters. Wall paintings show the women performing religious rituals. It does not appear that Crete was an equal society -? in a painted scene Of female dancers, the males and females have segregated seats, but the women had better accommodations. 17 Several tombs that be ampleed to women were f illed with riches such as jewelry, gold, and precious stones. In comparison, no male grave has been found with equal value.The Cretan world seems to have been able to develop and advance as a female-centered companionship without abandoning peace and pleasure-18 There is some scholarly inquiry as to whether there were female-centered clans in the Neolithic ere as well. There are very few images of males from this time period and the few that have been uncovered show men in situations inferior to women. 19 This leads to the theory women in Neolithic times held a high status than women of later generations. The corpses found in Neolithic graves were buried with shells and paint arranged in a way to resemble female reproductive organs. 0 It is believed these art works indicate worship or glorification of the females in their clans. Fertility seems to be the basis of their worship and it often reinstated into prayer for healthy crops and animals. Does this mean goddess worship appeare d in Neolithic culture, or did they only worship females? Was their worship equivalent to women having social power and dominance? As many myths seldom offer facts, they cannot be used to set history in stone however, they do shed light On what might have been happening during the time periods in which they were created.Several myths show warring between men and women in which the men always take over power from the defeated females. 21 These motifs appear in interchange and Western Desert Australian Aborigine, Panda of New Guiana, Sumerian, and Greek mythology . 22 Social charter myths appear to justify why men took over female ruling, suggesting women committed some sort of sin or were naturally weak. If men had always existed as the controlling power, myths of former female powers would not exist. If men had always restrained women, their dominance would seem natural and it would be unnecessary for them to write explanations.Powerful women in mythologies are astoundingly univers al . 23 patriarchy was an avalanche started by one meager realization men had a role in procreation. Suddenly, their female-driven jealousy was uprooted. By giving the children their fathers clan name instead of their mothers, the men had proof of self-control. With offspring essentially attached to the men of the clan, labor was also controlled by the men-24 Anthropologists insist that when large game hunting began during the Stone Age, men felt that hunting was their natural function in society. 5 With this new sense of identity came power- their dangerous work gave them status. It also created a sort of club or fellowship between the male members of a tribe or clan . 26 Hunting required great teamwork, cooperation, ND want of competition- these men had to work together. most(prenominal) likely, men felt legitimated by their exclusiveness and their us-versus-them pride . 27 Of course, women hunted small game, but more in a means of opportunistic kills. Indeed, many ritualistic tools used during hunts were forbidden for women to see. 8 So when horticulture, a practice mainly performed by women, became popular around 5000 BCC, and large game began to disappear in populated civilizations, men had to jump on the band wagon and begin farming as well. 29 With men farming a very marooned activity in imprison to hunting they felt they lost everything fundamentally male. Young boys were not being taught the solidarity that came with hunting, so the men of the clan developed a new idea of group puberty rites. 30 These ceremonies did not occur before a horticultural society was established.The men began reinforcing gender roles in their society by teaching their sons what it took to be a man, something they felt should have been natural. Marilyn French, author of From Eve to Dawn a History of Women in the World, explains, Male solidarity was and carcass a manipulation against women. The first political movement, it arose, like all solidarity movements, to count er a sense of powerlessness and oppression, that had dissipated with the loss of a hunter-gatherer society. 31 The main push of these puberty rites was to abnegate their mothers which led the oppression of women, including emotions they associate with them.Soon boys were taught disdain towards feminine emotions like love, compassion, and softness. Feelings were replaced with a hard, cool attitude and submission to elder males. 32 Thus, a form a sexism that still exists today (and many people ignore) was created en are not to show feminine qualities. Dominance over children created another form of sexism. Now that males were aware of their part in procreation, they had to assure that the children their mates produced were theirs. In order to do this, they had to keep women under strict surveillance.Many women were captives from other villages, raped so as to be claimed as a mate, and given no rights they were virtually slaves. 33 To bolster mens paternity roles, rules and laws were c reated that only applied to women. Females were the first criminals fornication suddenly became a crime. Even Hough men always had the right to infanticide, women were not allowed to abort their children. Paternalism groups were founded on this domination. At this point, females were considered an object of the males possession. Contrary to matrilineal, potentiality required force, and ferociousness towards women was often encouraged in their society. S When dominance started to shift towards the males, clans left their matriarchal marriages and began existing in parasitical marriages women were no longer surrounded by male kin (stronger than she) and lost their protection. In a patriarchal marriage, the omen were taken and forced to live with their husbands families who very likely did not speak the akin language. 36 In some patriarchal communities women were allowed to leave. However, due to the fact that children were property of men, the women had no right to take children w ith them, and many stayed. 37 Without women protesting, patriarchy was born.Another vessel for both patriarchy and the idea of sexism was religion. Even in the beginning Of the Old Testament, the ledger provides very different roles for men and women. When God punishes Adam and Eve in Genesis, he describes Adam (man) as the breadwinner, and Eve (woman) as someone who needed a tight leash . 38 This tight leash takes the form of her husband and uterus. Women were throttle by this elemental plot for centuries after both Judaism and Christianity enforce further constraints on women. In Leviticus, it claims that everything a woman touches while she is unclean from menstruation is adulterate. 9 Taken out of context, this can be seen as a terrible sexist act, but there are also conditions in which a man is unclean. Even so, women cannot control what makes them unclean while men can. The biblical impurity of a woman outlasts her menstruation, even during childbirth-40 The women were sec luded from the group for two weeks while they were impure and usually stayed with other women in menstrual huts. When they were allowed to grace the sanctuary and men again, they receiveed their marital duties (the two weeks in which they saw their husbands they were most likely to conceive). 1 When a woman gave birth she had to seclude herself for seven days as if she were menstruating. Fifth baby was a male, she could return to the group on the eighth day for the babys circumcision and tribal ironies before completing her thirty-three days of blood purifying. If the baby was a female, there Was no ceremony to welcome her arrival and her mother was required to purify for sixty-six days. 42 Consider this if a woman is in constant impurity, constantly forbidden from the sanctuary, how often could a Hebraic wife appear in public?A scarce rabbi or companionship leader does not make for a good one how would she be able to fulfill the responsibilities? In addition to underlining the u ncleanness of a women, the Old Testament shows red themes against women. In Deuteron 2213 t shows that if a brides virginity is contendd by the groom, the whole community plays a part in verifying the speculation through the custom of bloody sheets. If their suspicion is true (or they agree she did not bleed enough) the male state is permitted to stone her to death.Later in Deuteron, there are examples of rape and abuse with only small monetary penalties. 43 Even though religion is not to incrimination for men first seeking control over women, it plays a large role in the spread of sexual discrimination because many people looked to these ancient scriptures as a guide for their lives. It is believed by some biblical scholars that Yeah was originally conceived as androgynous. 44 He is characterized by the word compassion, which in the Hebrew language is rooted in the word womb. He is described as giving birth to Israel, suckling and watching over his children. 5 But as the Bible transitions into the book of Numbers, Yeah is not only male but patriarchal. In Numbers 12, God punishes only Miriam and not her brothers for the same act- the story teaches that women shall not challenge men. 46 Some argue that it is difficult to accuse the Bible of sexism hen several other verses describe such different ideas. For example, Galatians 338 adequately removes all justification for discrimination Of any kind by saying, There is no longer Jew or Gentile, slave or free, male and female. For you are all one in Christ Jesus. Pay close attention to the wording there is no longer male and female. Moreover, religion is described as a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects. 47 The Bible (and the religion that follows it) is a text assembled by men and was prone to their social biases of the time period. Sexism very well did exist in the Hebrew Bible and it is impossible to erase history. It is not universally acc epted that fertility held more weight and value in society before the Bible was written.Cynthia Leer, shares her view on the idea of matrilineal societies and goddess worship (something that dissipated long before the Bible) Prior to the Neolithic revolution, we have every reason to believe that prehistoric peoples, like contemporary hunting and gathering peoples, were more interested in restricting their fertility than enhancing it. Contraception, abortion, and infanticide are all practiced in uniting and gathering groups, and in horticulture societies as well, with infanticide rates ranging from 1 5 to 50 percent.Skeletal bear witness suggests that childbirth was dangerous for mothers and children alike. Infant mortality rates were high at Actualyk, for example, and women there and elsewhere died very young by our standards (on modal(a) in their late twenties, earlier than men) in part because of high maternal mortality. It seems unlikely under these conditions that pregnancy an d childbirth we invariably regarded as miraculous and welcomed as the gift of a munificent goddess. 48 Leer also geared the Venus figurines and points out the biggest dispute with establishing them as worship of fertility.The figures rarely show signs of pregnancy, lactation, or childbirth. 49 If Paleolithic artists were concerned in depicting pregnancy and fertility there are many ways to have done that but these figures lack evidence of childbearing and most are simply voluptuous. They could show the clans concern regarding hunger, which explains why they have fuller shapes communities valued healthy and full bodies. 50 However, if you were to strike down the notion that Venus figures represented omen and their fertility and ability to reproduce, why are there only women figures?The complication with pinpointing the origins of sexism is the underlying question which came first? Gender or sexism? Returning to overburdened language, it is because gender exists that sexism exists. Gender allows men to dominate women it provides a biological excuse. Unfortunately many feminist matriarchies suggest that women are women because we attain secondary status to men. The designation Woven is neither a gender, nor a biological sex, but a family line that people are placed into.This category seems to form the parameters in which women have experiences, yet women are only the byproduct of the category existence (in the same way my mother insists I had a bad time because my attitude was terrible to begin with, and not that my attitude was terrible because I had a bad time). 65 So long as this omnipresent category exists, sexism will exist. The femaleness of a woman is defined by Leer as the experience of being perceived to be a woman and being treated as women are treated. This extends to any specific way women were treated in different cultures whether good or bad. The only femaleness that can be attached to any woman of any time period in any place of the world is this woman. It is hard to speak for the men and women from a time before they themselves could speak, but dont believe it was ever intended for footmen in the kitchen to be a derogatory term. The mentality that one biological sex is of higher-rank than another is derived from the simple fact that certain bodies are more able for specific tasks. Intended or not, men felt oppressed. This sparked a very deliberate and violent revolution. Men stole control and power long before rating was established and history was preserved.Indeed it was history looking back to biblical times, the pictures that stories paint of their communities and culture show male-dominance. With the spread of Christianity, the secret of a more peaceful and equal past was locked up and it became widely accepted that the husbands and fathers should be the head of the household. Christianity and the men in the Bible certainly did not initiate all of the suffering and abuse against women that appears today but they did Set the precedent that has seemed to excuse men for centuries. Bibliography Advisor, J. M. , Olga Softer, and Jake Page.

Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini

Physical geography has a major Influence to the story. The themes of geography that mainly preserve to the story are Place, Human/ Environmental Interactions, and Movement. Place can have physical and human characteristics. The physical geography of Afghanistan changed after the wars and the Taliban attacks. For example, before in the older days the wind swept through the irrigated plains around Islamabad where farmers grew sugar cane and the sweetness impregnated the air. instantaneously there were narrow road and dries up gutters. In Kabul when Hosannas and Emir were young boys, they used to run up hills surrounded by Poplar and Pomegranate trees.Treetops could be seen poking from behind the houses as they played. Now most of the trees were gone used as wood for lumber to keep Taliban from hiding. Where before you could fins street vendors and restaurants, now there are only dusty roads, fling buildings, and beggars. The number of beggars and orphaned children increased after the wars. The change in this geographical sense changed the way of life of the Afghans because now they were homeless because their houses were taken over by guest as the referred to the Taliban.They were left with knocked out(p) Jobs, ways of growing crops and providing for their families. The war left omen and children husbandly and fatherless. Another theme of geography that pertains is movement. Because of the war, people were forced to relocate. Those that had bills fled from Afghanistan. Babe and Emir left from Kabul dictatorial and into a foreign country, America, in hope of a better future. In Afghanistan they were the aristocratic class and In America they became the working class.The following ethnic groups represented In Kite Runner are Afghans. Pakistanis, Arabs, Palestinian, Iranians, Russians, and Germans. The major ethnic groups represented are the Afghans divided into deuce major groups, the Hazards and the Pushpins, and the Pakistanis. The Hazards are outsiders acc ording to other Afghans because of their Mongolia indigenous people of eastern and southeast Asia and Arctic region. They are also considered outsiders because the Hazards are Shiite Muslims In a in the main Sunnis Muslim nation.The Pushpins are the dominant ethnic group In Afghanistan accounting for more than half of the population. The Pushpins are Sunnis Muslims in a Sunnis Muslim Nation. The majority of Pakistanis example Islam. Islam governs their personal, legal, political and economic parts of their life. Pakistanis live in a hierarchical society and are respect because of age and position. There are many examples of their conflicts during the break away of the novel. One example Is when Hosannas finds his mothers history book and starts reading it.In the book he finds an inure chapter about the Hazards and how they were persecuted and oppressed by the Pushpins. When he takes it to his teacher, he replies, Thats the one involvement Shihs people do well, passing themselves as martyrs. This show how they differ and how they dislike each other. Another example is when the teacher ells Emir, that Iranians are grinning smooth talkers who patted you on the back with one hand and picked your pocket with the other. This shows how they dislike each other even though the Iranians, Like the Hazards, are Shihs Muslims.Another example with me in Mazda We left them out for the dogs This shows that the Taliban could not put away their differences and they had so much hatred that they believed the Hazards were as significant as animals. The novel faithfully matches the reality of its time. Throughout the book, it mentions dates important to the secret plan but also events that happened in reality. For example, it leaked about King Mohammad Sahara Shah being sent away to Italy and being overthrown by his cousin Mohammad Doodad Khan in 1973.When progress research was done, it proved to be correct with actual events. Another example of this was when the book menti ons that the Taliban took over and massacred the Hazards in 1998. After further studies, it proved to be veracious with the real events. Another factual event illustrated in the novel was when it mentions the United States boycotting the Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980. After research, it is proven that the facts given in the novel match the events that actually occurred.

The Digital Economy

In late(a) years there has been a massiveer pursuance in a digital parsimony. This new economy is surviving and doing well, despite the fact that there has been a decrease in IT investing in the last both years. Even with the decrease, IT is cool off going strong. This decrease, which occurred only recently, followed on the heels of a huge boon in IT activity and investment during the 1990s (Price, 2002). The predilection of a digital economy is non new. It has been dreamed about for years. The trouble was that engineering science had non advanced far sufficient to nark the digital economy a reality yet. like a shot that it has, the IT sector is moving in front in an effect to castrate the economy of the entire world into a digital economy filled with technology and e-commerce, which testament offer great convenience and in like manner great speed when doing problem on virtu in ally any level from the simple consumer purchase to the oversized, multi- meg dollar somatic merchandise. There ar several important characteristics of a digital economy. First, the physical go onment of mess, things, money, etc. , allow non be needed. E unfeignedlything that needs to be through with(p) impart be done electronically.There will also be an urgent, rapid globalization of economic activity (Ministry, 1997). In oppositewise words, the way that business is done will change completely. several(prenominal) of that is already being experienced in the way that many flock promptly shop online for items and contract them delivered directly to the intended recipients, instead of requireing most in long lines in crowded stores, only to find out that the store is out of whatever it is the individual wanted anyway. Digital economy will stop all of that, and it will do lots more.That is just a small and simple example. There argon, of course, much larger ramifications for businesses that deal with a great deal of money, clock eon, and manpowe r all over the world each day. Second, contracts and separate means of securing and sealing business deals will all be done electronically (Ministry, 1997). There is a concern about this, however, beca give many flock are not comfort suitable today with hitherto doing simple things like giving their credit card number to an online company to pay for a purchase.Clearly, many advanced safety and security measures will be required before all businesses will feel comfortable receiving a contract or proposal that is electronic instead of in writing. Third, the basis of the digital economy, IT, will progress to grow and expand real rapidly. This will result in many changes in economic activities. Economic rules will need to be cookd and updated at a really rapid pace so as to keep up with competitors and not charter left behind in the information age (Ministry, 1997).People who make the rules and regulations for electronic commerce and IT will have their work cut out for them in this new digital economy. There will be a need for many more rules than the traditional economy has, beca use of the delicacy of electronic transmissions and the potential for hackers to get into a estimator system and get a hold of sensitive information such(prenominal) as credit card numbers, bank account numbers, and social security information, among other things. Fourth, and finally, the digital economy will make its way to everyone (Ministry, 1997).Even people who do not own a computer now will find themselves caught and pulled into this changing economy. Some people will resist this change because they are concerned about security, or simply because they do not like the way the world and the idea of commerce is changing. Especially people who have been near since the days of walking down to the corner store to get some penny nookiedy. While it whitethorn be difficult to convince everyone, especially the older generation, that e-commerce and the digital economy are good t hings, it must be done because the digital economy is coming.The digital economy came about slowly, as people looked for new and break out ship burn downal to do things. As IT expanded, it brought with it change, and a renewed interest in what human beings could litigate if they simply put themselves to the task at hand. Because human beings decided to find out, technology began to grow at a very rapid rate. Now, it is not that technology is changing so agile, it is just that many different components of it are changing all at once (Harris, 2002).As for the power behind the changes, much of that has bed from entrepreneurs and other businesspeople that want to see things work better, faster, and smoother. They are also implicated in the most possible profit they net get, which causes them to be interested in any kind of cost-effective technology that can help them reach that goal. The more work that entrepreneurs were willing to do to help themselves, the more they also urged technology forward (Harris, 2002). While the IT sector is not officially in control of the global economy yet, it soon will be (Brotman, 2001).Technology is progress so rapidly that there is no reason to expect it to suddenly stop, or stranger yet, disappear. Because technology has fall down so far, businesses must go on with it. They will be left behind if they do not take an interest in technology and the digital economy now. Technology and e-commerce are fast becoming the way that people do business. This trend will only continue and will be very difficult to ignore in the conterminous few years. Without taking action now, businesses will be struggling when all of their competitors have the digital and economic advantage.The outlook is very good for the digital economy. The primary(prenominal) reason that this new form of business will do so well is because it is based on a form of business that works and has been approximately for a long time (Sahlman, 1999). While some pe ople, especially in the United States establishment, are panicky and concerned about an economic crash, many people are coming to the realization that not only is the digital economy on a sound footing, but it is also going to be here. It is around to stay, and the concerns of the government are not going to make it go aside (Sahlman, 1999).The digital economy will work because it has fewer barriers to trading and dealing with other countries than the traditional business methods. It will work because it is built on a solid foundation of good business ideas and planning. Most of all, it will work because people want it to. They believe in it and they will see that the digital economy goes forward, no matter what the cost. The digital economy has not quite made it around the globe yet, nor has it accomplished everything it wants to accomplish, but it is still in its infancy.When it finally makes it around the globe and insinuates itself into every transaction that is made, however small that transaction may be, every business transaction will be faster, easier, safer, and more convenient than ever before. That is something that many businesspeople all around the world are looking at forward to. So are consumers. No more lines, no more hassles just the ability to get business done and have the time to go on to something else. all told of this has come about because of information systems and computing.Information systems and computing have become more wide overspread in many organizations end-to-end the last 15 years and the amount of this has deepened and infiltrated nigh every level of organizations (Adams & Sasse, 1999). Some of this has to do with the fact that personal computers have become more powerful and increasingly less(prenominal) expensive (Adams & Sasse, 1999). This has created the ability to have computing power and anxiety information systems tested and fructifyd into the hands of many more individuals throughout various organizations, an d this includes the government (Adams & Sasse, 1999).How computers are used and the nature of what they are needed for has also changed recently because computers have come into many more star signs (Adams & Sasse, 1999). Much of this comes from extending computers from the workplace into home animation (Adams & Sasse, 1999). Some of it also comes from laptop computers and how they have become so important for individuals that travel and need to take their work with them so that they will be able to check e-mail and exchange messages no matter where they are (Adams & Sasse, 1999).Because of all the changes in the nature of computing their use has continued to speed up and spread out to more and more individuals (Adams & Sasse, 1999). Many of these are linked to various organizations or they have specific ne iirks that they are linked into which allows them to do more things. The net profit has also become extremely important because people all over the world can work with each ot her through a computer and this avoids many of the long distance phone calls, business trips, and other issues that would normally have to be dealt with when dealing with a client or customer overseas (Adams & Sasse, 1999).Much of the use of computers within the public sector and the government is growing very strongly. One study that was conducted regarding state governments indicated that, in general, all states on median(a) were spending over 3 percent of the budget that they had for their executive branch on the management of information resources and computer use (Adams & Sasse, 1999). For all of the 50 states in this democracy this would come to a combined total of $19. billion (Adams & Sasse, 1999).This particular study was taken in 1989 and estimates indicated that by 1993 the number would be $52. 6 billion (Adams & Sasse, 1999). This would be much higher today. That kindred study also examined the type of computer use that was dealt with in county governments because their budgets are very much smaller than states. An estimate taken in 1992 indicated that county governments throughout the United States were spending approximately $23. 8 billion on management information systems which amounted to over 17 percent of the operating budgets that they had (Adams & Sasse, 1999). transmission line strategy and IT strategy are often very closely interlinked, especially in todays global and technologically advanced society. However, the selection of information systems is not invariably appropriate for the business at hand, and when the strategy and information systems do not mix, it can be disastrous. One business involved itself in the business-to-business (B2B) context.B2B is where marketplaces are created so that sellers and buyers can come in concert more easily, which helps to improve efficiency, liquidity, and other factors (Putting, 2002). The B2B exchange generally did not do well after a very nearsighted time of prosperity, and many people be lieved that the whole concept was flawed, but it appears that the way the concept was executed and not the concept itself was where the problem very was. In other words, it was not the idea of a B2B exchange, but rather the strategy that the companies used, that caused the problems for many of these companies.The strategy of the B2B idea was the main problem with the concept. The problem largely revolved around the issue that both suppliers and buyers were needed, but the suppliers would not congregate if there were no buyers and the buyers were not interested if there were no suppliers (Putting, 2002). In other words, both groups had to be present but which group would get there first and how to get both groups there together so that everyone would be interested because a large problem.This problem was one of strategy, as the concept of B2B was strong but it was not well planned-out. In hind-sight, the B2B concept would have worked much better if companies had understood it better before they agreed to it. They did not really understand the concept clearly, and this is part of the reason that there was so much trouble getting both suppliers and buyers to come together at the same time so that they would be able to do business which each other more easily.There were also other reasons that the concept did not do well, and these included the idea that suppliers feared the direct comparison that they felt they would be subjected to and would cut into their margins, as well as the lack of interest between buyers and sellers both in paying any kind of transaction fees for what they felt was a very simple and inexpensive process of matchmaking (Putting, 2002).Another problem with the strategy, and the way that it ties into the IT issue, is that the buyers and sellers market that the B2B concept was attempting to create was begun before the computing and software abilities were in place to allow such a thing (Putting, 2002). It is quite promising in the future, ho wever, that software will be created that will allow for the B2B concept to work the way that it was designed to work. This does not mean, though, that the B2B concept is one that will be cheerd, simply because the technology is there.It may be something that has already had its time and will not be coming back, regardless of what kind of effort is made to revive it. However, the B2B concept has now gone in a different direction and it may be headed in the in good order direction finally. Instead of working toward exchanging things, the B2B companies now are more interested in software and various solutions that can help others with e-business efficiencies and business processes (Putting, 2002).By doing this, the B2B companies will be able to build their businesses by getting one customer at a time instead of trying to build all of the marketplace that does not have any customers (Putting, 2002). In a cogitate area, an industrial group that consisted of manufacturers of tools tha t are designed for the automobile industry collaborated to create a computing environment but they were ahead of their time by as much as two years (Worthen, 2001).Because of that, there was no real way to integrate the systems that they created and many of the employees were afraid that there would be layoffs because the money that was spent 4 million dollars would not be allocated for something else and was basically wasted when the integration did not take place as planned (Worthen, 2001). This is some other case of taking the IT strategy and the business strategy as separate entities, when they really should have been dealt with together to avoid the problems that the group of manufacturers faced.Although the message is getting crosswise to other companies about what these manufacturers can do and provide, there are still problems with any kind of integration, and this is costing these companies both money and reputation, both of which could be very harmful if too much of the m is lost. In both of these cases just discussed, there were problems with the strategy formulation and implementation, as well as the strategic process itself. In other words, there were strategic challenges that were not examined and thoroughly accounted for before the implementation was begun.By far the largest strategic challenge that is facing marketers today is that of globalization (Shaw, 1999). In the next 10 years the global marketplace will continue to grow and as it does marketers must work harder and smarter to come up with new ways to keep their marketing and advertising campaign appealing to the largest number of people possible (Shaw, 1999). This can be somewhat difficult, because globalization means the drawing together of many different cultures and beliefs, which fight backs a strong and worthy challenge for those that market a product, business, or service to various countries.In a B2B context, these people from all over the world must be able to work together, a nd this can be very difficult when cultural, language, and other barriers get in the way, and when the strategy has not been carefully planned out. Possibly the most significant issue when it comes to strategy is that of standardization the product or service must be standardized enough that it will work well for all customers which is something that many of these companies do not consider before they implement B2B ideas that relate strongly to IT.One of the main problems with looking at this is the evidence that many business managers do not clearly understand what standardization is and therefore the responses that they give when indicating to marketers what they actually want may represent a strong desire to protect their self interests (Onkvisit & Shaw, 1994). When they do this, marketers must be careful to make a determination as to whether these business managers really want to market in the way that they are indicating or whether there are other factors that the managers mu st be made to understand before made marketing campaigns can take place (Onkvisit & Shaw, 1994).Studies that have been done into this issue also failed to address whether there were specific approaches to marketing and advertising products that are seen to be more effective (Shaw, 1999). There are lessons to be learned from this, however, besides the obvious need for standardization. Other lessons include the fact that marketing something new can be very difficult and the companies that wish to work in a B2B context must expect that they will have a difficult time convincing others of the worth of what they are doing.Also significant is the idea that IT cannot always keep up with what these companies want to do, and the business strategy must tie into the IT strategy. If the two are not compatible, there will be a great deal of trouble and a lot of money lost, which many businesses certainly cannot afford. All of this is ca employ a great deal of organizational change in many busin esses. Organizational change is necessary and important and various aspects of change management must be dealt with by these businesses. These include the resistance to change from management and employees, as well as how to facilitate and implement the process of change.Evaluating effectiveness is also important. Change is a reaction to the environment in which one must compete. Because technology is evolving so fast this environment has become fluid and some have difficulty adapting to it. However, todays business environment demands it. Change also presents challenges, and organizations must use these as a platform to build on and learn to welcome the changes that are taking place. Much of this change comes from external forces such as technology, economics, or regulations and laws that have been changed.This is quite often in the form of computers. However, the fact that laws and regulations change so quickly also has significant impact on organizations. Another area of change i s from internal forces and these often deal with problems with processes or bearings. The design of organizations must continue to change to adjust to new technology and consumer demands and this can have a significant impact on the decisions made by human resources. Organizational change deals with things that encompass the entire organization rather than a specific individual or department.Making employees conscious(predicate) of the necessary changes in advance of them occurring can make the transition easier and make individuals more flexible about changing. Sometimes individuals can bring different perspectives to the situation and these change agents can often help to create more of a catalyst for change in an organization. Training employees becomes high priority for organizations that are undergoing change and utilizing teams for this so that the timing and scope are right can become one of the most significant things that companies can do to ensure that change takes place properly and with the least amount of difficulty.Information systems can be quite helpful for this, but only if they are correctly utilized. There are many different ways to look at telecommuting. Depending on the country one comes from, there are conflicting opinions on exactly what the word means, and the same is true of telework, which has also been used to mean roughly the same thing as telecommuting. Some people define telecommuting as an arrangement that allows employees to carry out their work at a location away from the conventional office, either in the employees home, satellite offices, or neighborhood work centers (Qvortrup, 1998).Still others define teleworking as a way of working using information and communication technologies in which work is carried out independent of location (Harris, 1998). There are four main ways in which people can telework. Firstly the employees can work from home, liaising with the office by using phone, email, or fax (Nilles, 1996). The seco nd way could be when the employees split the time between home and office (Nilles, 1996).Thirdly there are certain types of employees, for example sales people, journalists, etc. who carry out their work while they are on the move (Nilles, 1996). Fourthly, there is an arrangement called the tele-cottage, which provides neighborhood centers with shared computers and communications resources for the office workers (Nilles, 1996). Teleworking can also be defined as performing job related work at a site away from the office, then electronically transferring the results to the office or another location (Nilles, 1996).During the 1970s and 1980s, telework in Europe was often termed as Electronic Homework and was either based on full time contract or on a freelance relationship with the employer (Nilles, 1996). It has been suggested that an adequate definition of teleworking should include three variables the location of work, the use of electronic equipment, and the existence of a communi cations link to the employer or contractor (Nilles, 1996). It is work which relies primarily or to a large extent on the use of electronic equipment, the results of which work are communicated remotely to the employer or contractor.The remote communications link need not be a direct telecommunications link but could include the use of mail or courier services (Nilles, 1996). The word Teleworking together with various pseudonyms such as telecommuting, networking, flexi place or the electronic cottage, has been used to describe various types of work. The term teleworking has also been divided into three sub-categories in order to describe the many different modes of telework which can be found today (Nilles, 1996).The three sub categories included Electronic Homework, Telecommuting, and Flexi Place (Nilles, 1996). This can be defined as working at home and delivering the work directly to an external customer using some form of telecommunication. Telecommuting is working away from the work place. (i. e from home or on travel, and communicating with the employer with the assistance of computers and some mode of telecommunication) (Nilles, 1996). The Internet these days is a common mode of communication used for this purpose.Flexi place involves no defined location of work. A person on flexi place uses his computer and telecommunication device while working on the move (Nilles, 1996). This often involves the Internet, and this can be dangerous, as many people are not aware of cyber ethics, or the ethical issues that pertain to Internet usage. It is very important that adults and children alike utilize information that deals with cyber ethics so that they are more aware of how to handle problems that may arise (Friedman & Nissenbaum, 1996).Many of these people are not aware of how to use the Internet ethically and responsibly and because of this they often do things that are detrimental to themselves or others without actually realizing it (Friedman & Nissenbaum, 1 996). Within the last decade or so there have been numerous incidence of hacking that have involved juvenile individuals and have received strong public attention (Friedman & Nissenbaum, 1996). EBay, Yahoo, CNN, and other various sites were attacked not all that long ago and viruses have apparently run rampant on the Internet in recent months and years.They are very strong reminders of the great deal of damage that girlish individuals can cause when they decide to ignore cyber ethics and see how much fun they can have instead. According to recent information it appears that computer hackers and viruses cost businesses globally over $1. 5 trillion during the year 2000. All signs point toward a problem that is continuing to grow because young individuals do not view hacking as something that is actually dangerous (Friedman & Nissenbaum, 1996).Unless there is a very strong shift in the way these young people are looking at this issue the problem will only continue and will likely get worse. A poll taken of almost 50,000 students in middle and elementary schools revealed that almost 50 percent of them did not see computer hacking as any type of a crime (Friedman & Nissenbaum, 1996). Citizenship is very important not just in the world but on the Internet as well and it seems that adults have really got to begin to take more responsibility for coning children about cyber ethics (Elgesen, 1996).Information technology is somewhat wild at the moment because it is still relatively new and taming it down with liable and ethical use and guidelines must be done. The best way to do this is by teaching a curriculum of cyber ethics that will began in either preschool or kindergarten and will continue with the students all the way up through their schooling (Elgesen, 1996). This will show not only how to use the technology befittingly but how to look for content and what all should be done to ensure that people are utilizing the Internet logically and safely.Various profe ssional development courses that deal with educators and campaigns that are designed for awareness in communities are also needed in order to help educate many adults about the responsibilities they have when they use computers (Elgesen, 1996). Quite often adults reward or glamorize young hackers even if they do not really realize that this is what they are doing (Elgesen, 1996). The technical abilities that these children have are very impressive but the behaviors that they utilize them for are completely inappropriate for society (Elgesen, 1996).It is very important to begin teaching decision-making skills that are ethical to young individuals with their first exposure to technology. This is largely one of the ways that unethical behaviors and technology crimes can be avoided or at least may be minimalized (Gorniak-Kockowska, 1996). If individuals wait until students reach the workplace to try to teach them proper cyber ethics it will be way too late because ethics and morality is often create in young individuals by the time they are 10 to 12 years of age (Gorniak-Kockowska, 1996).Technology is very important to help individuals work toward a better world but if cyber ethics are not addressed very soon it is quite likely that technology will then not flourish the way that it was designed to but instead will be fraught with problems and complications that will only make things more difficult. Although teaching cyber ethics is very important, most individuals surveyed recently indicate that parents should be the ones to teach children about copyrighted material instead of allowing it to happen in school (Introna, 1997).These same parents should also teach their children about the rest of cyber ethics and how important they are. Because children use computers so much at schools and because they also have Internet access through these schools it is becoming increasingly more important that teachers and parents both take a very active role in teaching not only safe computer use but cyber ethics as well, so that this lesson is learned well before these children grow up and enter the business world (Introna, 1997).Surveys taken of many adults still confirm that most of these individuals believe it acceptable to download copies of works that are copyrighted even if they are not authorized to do so (Introna, 1997). keen property on the Internet should be respected as well (Introna, 1997). By emphasizing this to the nations young individuals and to their parents perhaps more respect will be gained at home and also in schools, making it easier for the workplaces around the country (Introna, 1997).Teachers and parents should begin to work together to ensure that young people throughout the country are only using computers and the Internet for good intentions and are respecting what they find online instead of downloading unauthorized copies (Introna, 1997). The issue of cyber ethics is changing very rapidly because technology is growing and cha nging as well. One of the problems with it is that the definition of it can be very broad or very narrow and this often makes it difficult for individuals to actually determine what cyber ethics means and what it means for them specifically.In other words, some of them see it as not utilizing the computer to hurt anyone else but others see it as being much more than that by ensuring that copyrighted material and other issues are kept protected (Introna, 1997). When computers first were created there was nothing known as computer ethics because the Internet and other things which could cause individuals to find a great deal of copyrighted material and other intellectual property online was not available (Introna, 1997).Computers were seen as a tool, and not seen as something that could be utilized to harm others or cause problems for various individuals throughout the country or throughout the world. However, it did not take society long to realize that harm could come to people and their property over the Internet. Efforts have been made to stop this kind of behavior and protect copyrighted material, but the effectiveness of these measures is questionable.