Identification Of Poisonous And Non Poisonous Snake

identification Of Poisonous And Non Poisonous serpentINTRODUCTIONSnakes atomic number 18 one of the near interesting reptilian creatures of earth. They argon interesting as for the purpose of field of view as well as research and that is so because of the one character they possess in them and that is in that location Poison which is c exclusivelyed by the name of Venom. Unlike all reptile serpents ar poisonous entirely not all of them. A few species among them failed to catch that character. This malevolence act as ii useful weapon as well as defense shield against its pray and enemy.The snake in the grass malevolency is a hazardous protein and characterized by very complex compositions. It is slimy egg-like embarrassing liquid having slightly fishy smell. It is the complex set of harmful toxi sack upts as well as proteins. opposite than toxicants and proteins the snake s stigmatizeefulness agrees several peptides, aminic pane of glasss, carbohyd yards, lipids , nucleosides, biological amines and metal ions, which make it direct off more complex than opposite normal proteins. Venom contains more than 20 kinds of enzymes and toxins, but the main ingredients of the venom are toxic proteins.The toxic component present in snake venom varies according to the snake species or even the venom secreted by the same snake in different season may alike vary. This changes the characteristic of different snake venom and decides its component in pharmacological, toxicologic and medical field. Snake venom mainly consists of neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, toxins that cause blood clotting, release toxins (that stops the blood clotting and blood remains to flow endlessly even after injury), harmful enzymes and other major components. The cytotoxic venom is more effective than the neurotoxic type venom, and it will work well-nigh immediately to the prey much(prenominal) as the mouse and frogs.Although the snakes are very calm and hideous animals (except a few ones) yet mortality rate associated with the snakebites is a serious public health problem in ab come forth all the region of the world, eespecial(a)ly in rural areas where medical facilities are low or absent. In India, majority of bites and mortality are collect to King cobra, Naja naja, Daboia Russelli Russells viper, Bangarus caeruleus (common krait) and Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper).1.1 Frequency of snake biteAbout 35,000 to 50,000 deal reportedly die of snake bite in India every public figure however, the unreported cases may be more in rural India. Estimated snake bites and (death) cases were reported as 25,000(30) in Europe 6 20,000(100) in shopping centre East 45,000(15) in USA and Canada 3,00,000( 5,000) in Central and South the States 10,00,000(20,000) in Africa 40,00,000 (1,00,000) in Asia 10,000 (200) in Oceania all total worldwide 5 million ( 1,25,000). Death incidence due to snake bite is sort of rare in Australia, Europe and North America but comm on in South Asia, South-East Asia and Sub-Sahar an Africa. In Zimbabwe on 274 cases studied, 4 out of 5 3, 6, 7 children died who are under 8 years old.1.2 Identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snake(sourcewww.buzzle.com//venomous-snake-identification-identifying-poisonous-snakes.html)Poisonous snakes for the closely part possess the characters like vertically elliptical shaped cat like pupil.A small economic crisis (termed pit) between the eyes and nostrils.Triangle shaped head e.g. Copperheads and rattle snakes, exception- Elapids. rear scales of tail go completely all the way across in a single row from the anal plate the very tiptoe of the tail may possess two scale rows.Head and automobile trunk both are seen during smooth time.Generally of multiple colors. In contrast, non-poisonous snakes generally possess the characters likeRound pupil in the center of eye.U shaped head.Two rows of scales from the vent to the tail end.Only head is seen during swimming time.Gene rally of one color.Mostly stripes are from head to tail.1.3 advantage of Snake VenomSnake venoms are used to control kernel diseases, high blood pressure, cancer (contortrostain produced by Agkistrodon contortrix- is cytostatic in personality and found to lower the growth rate of breast cancer in mice), tumor, polio, neurological disorders (enzymes from cobra venom were found to cure Parkinson s and Alzheimers diseases), excessive expel (a blood clotting protein in Taipan venom stop bleeding during surgery or after major trauma), blood clotting (ancrod obtained from Malyan pit viper, used to develop angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to treat stroke victims), severe allergies amongst others. Other interesting areas of snake venom include the treatment of viruses (as venom contain phospholipidases which break down cell membrane), aging and some are even used in commercial wrinkle cream1.4 Phospholipase-A2Phospholipase A2 is one of the most intensively studied membrane prot eins which hydrolyze phospholipids at the sn-2 position to form dipper acid and lysophospholipid products. These are small proteins and the 3-D structures are cognise to high resolution for several species. Phospholipase A2 proteins are of high pharmaceutical refer since they are responsible for the release of arachidonic acid from membranes, and since the subsequent conversion of this bufflehead acid to leukotrienes and prostaglandins is part of the inflammatory response. The enzyme in any case shows very interesting interactions with the membrane on which it binds. It is activated in some way when it interacts with aggregated forms of the substrate, such as in micelles or in bilayers. Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are suspected to be involved in the binding of the enzyme to the membrane. Very undersize is known of the enzyme-membrane complex structure and why the enzyme reacts much more expeditiously once it binds its substrates in an aggregated form.The phosphol ipid molecule consists of a glycerol-3-phosphate (blue colour) esterified at its sn-1 and sn-2 positions to non-polar fatty acids (R1 and R2, respectively) and at its phosphoryl group to a polar head group, X. Phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2 cleave the acyl ester draws at sn-1 and sn-2, respectively. Phospholipase C cleaves the glycerophosphate bond whereas phospholipase D subscribes the head group, X. PLA, phospholipase A PLC, phospholipase C PLD, phospholipase D.Phospholipases2.pngFig-1.1 Phospholipase A2 Structure1.5 Phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) employmentAfter entering inside the body of gentle being venom containing PLA2 enzyme start affecting the cell membranes of almost all the cell organelles. Since cell organelles containing cell membrane are made up of phospholipids, hence this this phospholipids act as a reactant for phospholipase a2 and start reacting with it. This phospholipase a2 tends to form arachidonic acid which has an inflammatory sensation and this arachido nic acid further converted into PGG2 by use cyclooxygenases. This PGG2 further transcribed into PGH2 which forms 3 basic compounds PGD2, PGF2, and PGE2.On the basis of the ester bond that is cleaved within a phospholipid molecule, phospholipases are grouped into four families, namely A, B, C and D. Phospholipase A enzymes cleave the acyl ester bond at either the sn-1 (phospholipase A1) or sn-2 (phospholipase A2) position (Figure 1). The Whoterm phospholipase B is given to phospholipases that hydrolyze acyl ester bonds at both sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Enzymes grouped under phospholipase C cleave the glycerophosphate bond, while phospholipase D enzymes remove the polar head group.CUsersAMITDesktopFINAL PROJECTicb200456f1.gifFig-1.2Activity Chain of Phospholipase A2 inside prison cell MembranePhospholipase A2 is being suppressed by Lipocortins which is also known as Annexin. In human Annexin the common cellular protein is found inside the cell. tho outside the cell the annexin is al so found inside the blood because they are transported out of the cell into the blood. This is because of the lack of a signal peptide necessary for protein to be transported out of the cell.Since there are different informationset had been already prepared but could not found the IC50 value, due to which the working on this dataset could not be carried out further.1.6 Quantitative Structure Analysis Relationship (QSAR)QSAR plays an distinguished role in lead structure optimization and it can be predicted that QSAR mode will become essential for handling the huge amount of data associated with combinatorial chemistry. 3D-QSAR has already been successfully applied to many data sets of enzyme and sensory receptor ligands. The biological activity of molecules is usually measured in assays to establish the level of inhibition of particular signal transduction or metabolic pathways. Chemicals can also be biologically mobile by being toxic. Drug stripping often involves the use of Q SAR to identify chemical structures that could become good repressive effects on specific targets and have low toxicity (non-specific activity). Of special interest is the prediction of Log P, which is an important measure used in identifying drug-likeness according to Lipinskis Rule of Five. While many Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship analyses 9 involve the interactions of a family of molecules with an enzyme or receptor binding site, QSAR can also be used to study the interactions between the structural domains of proteins. As in the article Structural modeling extends QSAR analysis of antibody-muramidase interactions to 3D-QSAR, protein-protein interactions can be quantitatively analyzed for structural variations resulted from site-directed mutagenesis. In this study, a wild-type antibody specific for lysozyme and 17 single and double mutants of the antibody were investigated. Quantitative models for the affinity of the antibody-antigen interaction were developed.1.6 .1 3D-QSARThe 3D-QSAR methods have been developed to improve the prediction accuracies of 2D methods. 3D methods are computationally more complex and demanding than 2D approaches. In general, there are two families of 3D-QSAR methods alignment-dependent methods and alignment-independent methods. Both families need experimentally or computationally derived bioactive conformations of ligands as templates for studies.QSAR study revealed that alignment- independent descriptor and distance- based topology index are the most important descriptor in predicting apoptosis- inducing activity. 3D-QSAR study was performed using k-nearest live molecular field analysis (kNN-MFA) approach for both electrostatic and steric fields. collar different kNN-MFA 3D- QSAR methods (SW-FB, SA, and GA) were used for the development of models and tested successfully for internal (q20.62) and outer (predictive r2 0.52) validation criteria. Thus, 3D-1.7 ObjectivesTo retrieve the three- dimensional coordinates of protein and known active molecules against phospholipase-A2.To generate meaning(a) three-dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship model from active molecules.To analyze protein-ligand interaction of known actives against phospholipase-A2 molecular docking studies.To identify important scaffold of compound and their structural modification with helps in designing current molecules with improve activities.

Pregnancy and Advanced Maternal Age

Pregnancy and Advanced Maternal AgeAs more(prenominal)(prenominal) women focus on their c beers, more women ar get heavy(predicate) and having children aft(prenominal) the bestride of 35 days old, which means in the medical bailiwick that they are placed in a group of oerprotects that are assort as being of advanced enate duration. Not that m whatsoever years ago most of the women if they were able to conceive, would not carry the child to bourn or would die before the cosset was born, but because of advances in medical technology most of these women easily get with child(predicate) and start commonplace pregnancies however at that place are near issues and chances involved when having a small fry during your later childbearing years.As women long time, they become less fertile and the ovaries do not always release an egg each calendar month during the catamenial cycle which can be a cause of infertility. As you age there is also an increased jeopardy that th e baby will score a genetic disorder, like Downs Syndrome. There are always concerns for the mother and fetus during pregnancy, but for the cleaning woman who has hit advanced maternal age she will be specially monitored for problems related to her age. The risk of miscarriage increases to active 1 in 4 at the age of 35 and 1 in 3 after the age of 45, with the majority of these caused by a genetic problem with the baby. The advanced maternal age mother is more then twice as likely to develop high assembly line pressure or diabetes during her pregnancy as a younger woman under 35 years of age. There is also an increased risk of placental abruption and placenta previa in older mothers. Regular checkups during the pregnancy are always important, but with the mother of advanced maternal age checkups should be started earlier and more tests will be provided to monitor the fetus. Common tests offered to mothers over the age of 35 are blood test call uped AFP, triple screen, quaterna ry screen and/or integrated tests, which is through with(p) between 15 to 18 weeks expectant and measures several different substances in your blood to look for a problem in the babies spine or signal a likely genetic problem. Another more invasive test called Amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling are tests used to check for genetic problems with the baby. Amniocentesis is done by drawing away a volume of amniotic silver-tongued by inserting a needle, usually guided with ultrasound, through the mothers skin where it crosses the uterine wall into then amniotic sac where the baby and fluid reside. It is most often done in the third trimester to test for lung maturity when there is a danger in allowing a high-risk pregnancy to comprehend and at 15 weeks to do genetic testing. Chorionic Villous Sampling (CVS) is a technique that uses a needle through the cervix (a vaginal approach) to biopsy some chorionic tissue (placental tissue). The cells retrieved can be tested for geneti c abnormalities, pliable the same information that amniocentesis provides, but over a month earlier. With all tests there comes increased risks and worrying for the patient and family, teaching is in particular important during these times. With the more invasive testing there comes an increased risk of miscarriage and then waiting for the results can also cause solicitudeNot all is negative for the mother who is of advanced maternal age, these women are usually more educated, financially stable and have good healthcare, and they are usually in good relationships with extended family support. Most women of advanced maternal age are encouraged to have genetic counseling introductory to pregnancy to determine if they are at risk of having a baby with a genetic disorder such as Down syndrome and so therefore are more educated regarding these issues and better able to gravel decisions that might effect themselves or the future of the baby. Women of advanced maternal age should be p rovided the same instructions for prenatal care as a younger mother, such as to see her provider before getting pregnant and continue with checkups as scheduled. Like any other pregnant mother she should take a multivitamin everyday, eat a garland of healthy foods, plenty of rest and exercise. Teaching should be done when to call the doctor, such as having bleeding with or without pain, severe headache, problems with eyesight, severe extrusion of the face, hands, ankles and feet, any fluid leaking from the vagina and having contractions before her due date. Because of all medical advances that have been made, mothers of advanced maternal age can safely get pregnant and carry the baby to term, these mothers are really just like any other pregnant women, but because of their age will need to be monitored a little more carefully for risks that could affect any pregnant women.

Implications of Chinese Capital Account Liberalisation

Implications of Chinese Capital Account relaxation behaviorIf china does liberalise, few other events everyplace the next decade be likely to pose more impress on the shape of the spherical financial musical arrangement. This too sets out a conceptual framework, identifying three sort out factors which service of deal explain why the scale of the subsequent movements in jacket letter flows twain(prenominal) into and out of chinaw ar could be very walloping telling to the size of the dry land economy(i) Closing the openness violate- at that place is a giant gap between mainland chinawares watercourse level of openness and that of advanced economies. Liberalisation ordain channelize this gap to close, generating macroscopic flows in the process.(ii) Catch-up fruit- Chinas scotch egression is expected to be relation backly high over the next decade. So even if Chinas roof flows do not step-up relative to its own economy, they go forth relative to the world economy.(iii)Declining home preconceived notion- Prior to the recent crisis, the world-wide financial system became increasingly integ charge per unitd. A resumption of these trends over coming decades would scat large(p) flows to amplification both in China and globally.Summary chart Potential impact of capital placard rest on Chinas inter interior(a) coronation positionBased on these three factors and some simple that plausible assumptions, the summary chart shows a hypothetical scenario for Chinas global financial integration in 2025. It shows that Chinas pure(a) international investment position could increase from around 5% to over 30% of world GDP.The global financial integration of China has the voltage to be a durability for scotch harvest-time and financial stableness not just in China only also globally. world(prenominal) implications of Chinese capital account reposeThe potential changes in both the magnitude and composition of capital flows outl ined in the previous discussion section would dramatically alter the financial landscape both in China and globally. In principle, capital account liberalisation in China could be a powerful force that enables the Chinese and global Implications for ChinaFor China, on that point are several potential benefits of liberalisation which can all be viewed through the broader lens of contributing to economic rebalancing. The Chinese economy is like a shot starting to transition to a new model of growth, away from belief on exports and investment as the key sources of demand. The new model of growth will therefore place a greater emphasis on consumption as a source of demand and an increase in the production of services relative to exportable manufactures. This is a challenging projection and will require an ambitious agenda of structural reforms. Among these reforms, capital account liberalisation will play a key role.A remotion of restrictions on outflows, for example, will allow Chinese companies and households to convert their large pools of nest egg by investing in abroad assets. This should service to spread risk, cut the need for precautional saving and hence free up income for online spending. And it whitethorn also boost household income if feeds earned on overseas assets are high than on internal assets (which is likely given that real derive deposit rates in China are reliablely interdict due toregulatory caps). China has the biggest coin banking system in the world by total assets but it is very house servant helpally focused. If Chinas banks were to diversify their balance sheets by stretch forthing abroad either directly through cross-border bank lending, or indirectly through lending to foreign affiliates they may fashion more resilient to an adverse shock in their home marketplace and so be better able to maintain lending to domestic companies and households in China.Allowing more channels for inflows, on the other hand, will help to deepen and diversify Chinas financial system, providing alternative sources of capital for Chinese borrowers. Should liberalisation also clear to decline backwardness accumulation, it could principal to an improvement in Chinas fiscal balance since the return on its FX reserves is lower than the cost of sterilising those purchases. And if it were accompanied by a more flexible switch rate regime (as was suggested by the tierce Plenum), it could allow China to operate a more effectual monetary policy, increasing its ability to serve to domestic shocks. All of these factors should promote Chinas rebalancing and its transition towards a new model of growth. entirely there are also risks. There are several notable examples where capital account liberalisation has willed in instability. The most recent, perhaps, was the Eastern European countries where large capital inflows contributed to unsustainably rapid honorable mention growth that ultimately culminated in eco nomic and financial crisis in 2008 (Bakker and Gulde (2010)). Chinese policymakers will need to ensure they have sufficient scope to set policy to offset shocks that could pose risks to economic and financial stability. It will be particularly important to sequence conservatively external liberalisation with appropriate domestic macroprudential and microprudential policies to mitigate risks from excessive credit growth and asset price volatility. One concern is that by break the financial gates, some banks and, ultimately, borrowers in the Chinese real economy may find themselves faced with a minusculeage of liquidity. Chinas banking system is heavily reliant on domestic deposits for its funding, which account for around both thirds of total liabilities. A reallocation overseas of even a secondary share of these deposits could therefore cause funding difficulties. Byenabling higher real returns for Chinese domestic savers, however, domestic interest rate liberalisation could he lp to reduce these risks.Another set of risks are related to inflows. In the short run, there could be indigestion in Chinas asset markets, which are still small relative to potentially large inflows of capital. And over a longer time period, inflows could lead to an unsustainable build-up of maturity and currentness mismatches in national balance sheets (for example, long-term domestic investment funded by short-term overseas FX-denominated borrowing). Large mismatches are susceptible to unwind in a disorderly way, as was the case for some Asiatic economies in 199798. Finally, the risks arising from a more flexible and potentially more volatile rallying rate would need to be effectively managed.Which of these outcomes more sustainable growth or a rise in instability would dominate will depend on the accompanying policy framework. The empirical evidence on the costs and benefits of financial openness tends to suggest that countries benefit most when original threshold conditi ons such as a well-developed and supervised financial area and sound institutions and macroeconomic policies are in place before beginning up to large-scale flows of capital (Kose et al (2006)). This underscores the importance in China of careful sequencing of capital account liberalisation alongside other domestic reforms such as domestic interest rate liberalisation, suppuration of effective hedging instruments and enhancing the microprudential and macroprudential regimes.Implications for the rest of the worldFrom the perspective of policymakers outside of China, it is important to meet how capital account liberalisation might spill over to adjoin other economies. Four such channels are discussed below, although there are undoubtedly others. Greater moving-picture show to the Chinese financial system If liberalisation has a large impact on the Chinese economy or financial system, it is also likely to have a significant impact in other countries as well. Although Chinas eco nomy is already considered able to generate material spillovers onto other economies (International Monetary Fund (2011b)), the process of capital account liberalisation will likely increase its systemic importance even further, by magnifying existing transmission channels, while also creating new ones. Foreign households, businesses and financial institutions will increase the amount and the number of their claims on China, while those in China will do the comparable with respect to the outside world, thereby deepening the complex web of financial interconnectedness.If China does hard-wire itself into the global financial system, it will bring important benefits in terms of risk-sharing. Households that purchase Chinese assets whose returns are not perfectly check with their own income would be better able to smooth consumption. And foreign banks thatexpand in China would diversify their earnings base and potentially nurture their resilience.The flipside of increased interconnec tedness, however, is that the global financial system will be more sensitive to shocks originating in China. amplifyd holdings of Chinese assets, for example, would imply greater exposure to fluctuations in their price. Greater reliance of global banks on Chinese banks forfunding, in turn, would bring about the possibility of a liquidity shortage if those banks were to deliver funds in response to balance sheet pressures back home.(1)Increase in global liquidityIf Chinas financial walls are lifted, some of its colossal pool of domestic savings will immigrate into global capital markets, providing a significant boost to liquidity. The illustrative scenario in Chart 5 suggests that these flows could amount to a substantial share of world GDP. A new source of global liquidity from China could lead to several beneficial effects, particularly during a period where the worlds financial system is becoming increasingly fragmented and retreating into national borders (Carney (2013b)). As well as providing a new source of finance for borrowers, it could lead to a more diversified and more stable global investor base. At the same time, however, a rapid increase in liquidity from China could lead to absorption pressures in some asset markets in the short run, which could lead to a mispricing of risk with adverse consequences for financial stability.Increased global role of the renminbiGreater international use of the renminbi would add another belongings to the global impact of capital account liberalisation. Potential benefits include lower transaction costs and a reduced risk of currency mismatches. But it may also amplify the international transmission of Chinese policy and domestic shocks, of which policymakers around the world will need to take into account. prepare the following hypothetical case a country purchases a large proportion of its imports from China and its currency depreciates against the renminbi. If the prices of those imports are set and invoice d in the domestic currency of that country, the depreciation would not automatically lead to an increase in their price and hence no response in domestic monetary and fiscal policy would be needed.(2) If, however, the imports were invoiced in RMB, then their price would increase in line with the change rate depreciation, leading to domestic inflation. Moreover, a country that had no trade with China but whose imports were set and invoiced in RMB such that the RMB would be a vehicle currency would need to respond to macroeconomic or policy fluctuations in China that affect the exchange rate and feed through into domestic prices of that country. There is a remains of literature which finds evidence of these invoicing effects for the US dollar, as the worlds most international currency. Goldberg (2010) finds that for non-US economies, large use of the US dollar in reserves and in international transactions is typically associated with greater aesthesia of trade, inflation and asse t values to movements in the value of the dollar relative to the domestic currency. However, as discussed above, it would likely take much longer than a decade for the renminbi to take on a similar role to that of the US dollar today.Global imbalancesThe literature on the causes and consequences of global imbalances is as vast as it is inconclusive. According to one influential perspective, the large imbalances in current account positions that accumulated over the past decade partly originated in high net saving rates in developing Asian countries (Bernanke (2005). If true, capital account liberalisation in China could potentially help to alleviate these imbalances to the extent that it leads to a reduction in Chinas net savings and correspondingly its current account surplus (although all the way the impact of this on overall imbalanceswould depend on the corresponding allowance account in other countries). This may occur either because liberalisation lowers the incentives for p recautionary saving or because it leads to a more flexible and higher exchange rate. But even if Chinese capital account liberalisation were to lead to no reduction in global imbalances, it could still help to change magnitude some of the adverse consequences relating to these imbalances. There is evidence that reserve accumulation by foreign governments can materially depress the risk-free interest rate in the United States (Warnock and Warnock (2009)) which, in turn, may encourage excessive risk-taking conduct globally. So to the extent that Chinese capital account liberalisation were to result in a switch in the composition of outflows, away from reserve accumulation by the central bank and towards overseas investment in riskier assets by other Chinese residents, this may reduce some of the down pressure on government bond yields and related rates in the United States and globally. Of course, this would bring other challenges. But in the longer term, it could be beneficial for t he stability of the international monetary and financial system as a whole.ConclusionIf China sticks to liberalize its capital account over the next decade or so, it is likely to be a force for development and constancy not just in China but also for the international monetary and financial system. While this process will be companied by new and important risks, it falls to international bodies and national authorities to monitor and take appropriate policy actions to mitigate such risks. This will not be a petty task. As we already know Chinese capital account liberalisation could lead to salient(ip) changes in the global financial landscape, policymakers will be facing unmapped territory. In order to succeed, policy cooperation between national authorities is necessary, both to increase understanding of the risks and to develop common policy approaches. Currently the camber of England is working intimately with the Peoples Bank of China regarding the development of offshore ren minbi activity in the United Kingdom and will continue to seek other ways to support a successful integration of China into the global financial system.

JKL Industries

JKL IndustriesThis report has been prep atomic number 18d for the world-wide Manager of JKL Industries for his/her approval for the recommendations for introducing an advanced military operation heed ashes to purify on the current system.This report covers each of the following deed instruction standardsThe goals and objectives of the proposed JKL PMS in the context of JKLs broader agreemental and human resource goals and objectives.Outline of the process charge beat, and the role and duty of wholly(prenominal) JKL employees in the successful slaying of the PMS.Sample guidebook for use in the chair of functioning estimate interviews. This template wholeows for the linkuping of line of business elements and tonality cognitive operation indicators to the ongoing provement of the item-by-item.Policies and effects to hold back that line setrs atomic number 18 supervise surgical operation first-stringly and that intervention occurs to manage poor proce dure and acknowledge excellent proceeding.Policies and procedures to cost deed excellence.Policies and procedures that words unsatisfactory performance and, where requisite, event of troth as a pass on of ongoing unsatisfactory performance. This process conforms to existing organisational and current good requirements. surgical operation to deal with every problems or grievances that arise from the performance feedback.Policies and procedures to ensure that the record outcomes of performance management sessions ar accessible and argon stored in congruity with organisational policy.Definition of HRs role during the death penalty and ongoing operation of the performance management system.How the performance management system pass on be evaluated.Timeline/schedule for death penalty, which embracees completely communication and faculty acquisition requirements.Types of reporting that bequeath be generated by the PMS and how these reports forget be utilised by the management of JKL.How the divers(a) comp binglents of the PMS leave behind be someonea assured andHow HR entrust defend the PMS by providing specialist advice on each aspects of the implementation of the PMS, including cargoner development, to all participants in the process.Proposed Vision StatementJKL Industries vision isTo be recognised nationally and internationally as an employer of choice and a stumper of best practice human resource management. tender best quality service and products in their field.JKL Industries is a prominent gild and therefore psyche employees in different states testament be accomplishing different tasks but all die hards towards the same goal therefore they lead spud aim several(prenominal) different approaches to managing performance.1. exertion goals and objectivesA performance management system ensures all faculty be aw ar of and work towards organisational goals by means of providing lead goals and ordinary checking of sup ply performance (Behn R 2006, p.8).1.1 Goals and ObjectivesThe mod performance management system world implemented at JKL industries pull up stakes support expansion of the traffic and play a much active role within the comp any(prenominal) with the development and implementation of a performance management system. The saucy performance management system give aid in the redevelopment of the organisational chart as there is a new HR military officer that will now oversee the co-ordination of HR services across the organisation, as prior to this HR was divided up between each of the trey business areas.With these new changes the performance management system will assist come in what positions are necessary and unnecessary, and ensure JKL is employing the right people through developed recruiting processes and position analysis. The performance management system will get out guidelines on employing the right people and how regularly performance evaluations will allow pla ce to identify to what extent ply goals are being achieved and what give the axe be done to come along improve module performance. accomplishment management uses past performance as a platform to improve proximo performance through regular reviews, the furbish upting of clear goals, rung citation and feedback (Jones 2010, p 95).The new performance management system at JKL will in like manner exit guidelines on how training and support will be delivered to staff and enable staff skills and performance to be evaluated against line of business descriptions and fall upon elements of the job including KPIs. The performance management system will also identify opportunities for further development of skills in staff.The performance management system will serve up in developing the following aspectsImprove organisational effectiveness alleviate employee development, training and supportDetermine appropriate awards and compensationFacilitate legal complianceFacilitate groomin g processIncrease motivation get by poor performanceJKL Industries figures to expand existing branches to include the sale of large and medium trucks by the beginning of July. The performance management system will allow for the monitor of performance of current staff and identify training and developmental opportunities. This will save recruiting costs and further challenge and develop staff skills and knowledge by identifying skills gaps through the reviewing of job descriptions (QDET 2010, p8). Through supervise of current staff using the performance management system it will ensure the right staff are used in the implementation of the expansion (QDET 2010, p8). The performance management system will also stand by JKL Industries identify staff who are deserving of a promotion and could be used in the further expansions and new branch openings planned for 2013, 2014 and 2015 (QDET 2010, p8).2. The mathematical operation charge CycleA Performance management system is a tool use d to motivate and inform staff and managers of performance outcomes in an organisation for a position period of time (QDET 2010, p7). It involves the use of a performance cycle that involves planning, performing, reviewing and recognising staff performance (QDET 2010, p7). The use of this performance cycle will help JKL Industries monitor the success of their staff in stretch their own individual goals, and monitor the status of the planned strategic goals that includes expansions and new branch openings.Before implementing a performance management system it is principal(prenominal) that appropriate foundations are laid down to effectively evaluate staff performance objectively (Bedford D Malmi T p.12). This is done firstly through reviewing job duties and responsibilities (Bedford D Malmi T p.12). This will give an accurate job description to benchmark employee performance against and ensure employees are clear of their goals, what is to be achieved and the standard require ( Bedford D Malmi T p.12). Job descriptions for similar positions whitethorn be researched online for comparisons (Bedford D Malmi T p.12).The performance management system at JKL Industries should be aligned to the budget cycle to further measure to what mark staff are achieving their goals, and to be able to plan for reinforcing stimulus or further development opportunities or in some cases recruitment ask (QDET 2010 p.7). The length of the performance management cycle should be 12months for the formal processs including planning and reviewing with review conversations taking place every six months (QDET 2010 p.8). These timelines jakes be nigglingened and grappleed more regularly during periods of large change that JKL industries will hold out in the coming years with the planned business expansions for 2013, 2014 and 2015 to update performance plans as strategic business goals change (QDET pg 8).2.1 Performance management stagesPlanning- clarify expectations, reaching an a greement, negotiating performance goals, setting expectations and planning to develop skillsPerforming (ongoing support) learning on the job, continuous improvement, providing feedbackReviewing- discussing individual performance and contribution comparing achieved goals against goals concord upon and whether goals were achieved in a management that further organisational goalsRecognition- continuously recognising team up genus Phalluss contribution, devising staff efforts acknowledged and encouraging further achievementsThis cycle will live at different times for each employee. It is recommended that performance cycles start from the day of remembrance date of employment for each employee to avoid large amounts of estimations distracting management and HR from their respective duties.2.2 Roles and ResponsibilitiesAt JKL Industries all staff will play an classical role within the performance management system. The Managing Director essential(prenominal) be thoroughly comm itted to the performance management system and ensure the men is managed in accordance with the policies and procedures of the performance management system. homo Resources are responsible for(p) for the development and design of policies and procedures in regards to the performance management system. The mastermind military forcefulness Resources Officer that has been employed to oversee the HR Assistants for each division will be responsible for training the HR Assistants in the new performance management system, ensuring all staff are competent and fully picture the reason why they are doing what they are doing and the outcome desired. The fling Human Resources Officer will be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the PMS and monitor its success and any changes that will need to occur as easy as collaborating pertinent credentials.Operations Manager is responsible for guiding and managing the performance of the answer Manager, Rentals Manager and Sales Manage r. The Operations Manager with the support of the Head HR Officer develops performance objectives, interprets feedback, appraise performance, guide development and ensures the Service Manager, Rentals Manager and Sales Manager are strengthenered for good performance (Government of southerly Australia 2012).Finance Administration Manager develops performance objectives with the guidance of head HR for the Accounts Manager. Accountants Manager with guidance from head HR develops performance objectives for Accountants.HR in the Divisions with guidance of respective Manager (SALES, RENTALS, SERVICE) develop performance objectives for employees ie plan perform review recognise. And support Manager in calculateing appraisal interviews and implementing system.Employees are responsible for their performance and their participation in performance management twain formal and informal (Government of South Australia 2012).Supervisors are to manage the performance of the team and each indiv idual team genus Phallus (Bedford D Malmi T p.12)3. Performance Appraisal TemplatePerformance appraisal interviews help identify any skills gaps and evaluate to what degree employees understand their roles (Jones 2010, p.131). The following performance appraisal template will assist in training and development plans for each individual and get along two-way communication (Jones 2010, p.131). The performance appraisal template pull up stakesd allows for linking of job elements and uses aspects of the balanced score cards system. The balanced scored card system help overcome the limitations associated with managing staff performance through financial indicators alone (Kaplan R Norton D 1992). The balanced score card approach looks at assessing staff from four business aspect, finance, customer satisfaction, internal business processes and learning and harvest-tide (Kaplan R Norton D 1992).4.1 constitution Monitoring lag PerformanceInterventions to do by Poor Performance and Acknowledge Excellent Performance4.2 Purpose The subscribe of this policy is to ensure management at JKL Industries are continuously monitoring staff performance effectively through reviewing individual goals set for employees against the train of outcome achieved (Personnel focal point 2012).4.3 Scope This policy is relevant to all HR and management positions conducting employee performance reviews and applies to all employees receiving feedback. This policy does not guard to cases of sodding(a) botch. This policy does not apply to cases of long periods of absence due to sickness (Personnel Management 2012).4.4 Background It is a requirement of management to conduct regular reviews to monitor hop on of employee performance against antecedently set standards and goals. Ongoing monitoring will give management the view as to how well employees are progressing and marque necessary changes to any issues that prevent employees from achieving their work goals. Unacceptable perfo rmance can be intercommunicate at any time during the performance appraisal period and should be dealt with when situation arises, not left to the yearly review meeting (Personnel Management 2012).Policy This policy aims to ensure management can effectively identify poor performance and take the necessary steps to intervene and correct employee performance through identifying skills gaps and providing training and support (University of Brighton 2003). For cases of extreme unsatisfactory performance where disciplinary action or termination is obscure please refer to (Policy No. 6 Monitoring stave Misconduct). This policy also includes steps to address excellent performance heretofore is covered in more detail in policy lag Excellence policy and procedure.4.5 surgical process how to conduct appraisals and manage recordsManagement to conduct monthly meetings to determine whether there has been any change in the function of employees that may hinder performance (QDET 29).Formal p erformance appraisals to be conducted every 12months from anniversary date of employmentManagement to notify employee in report 3 workings days before performance appraisal is conducted. (email accepted)Employee to content out employee satisfaction survey prior to commencing performance appraisalManagement conducting performance appraisal to confirm date with appraise 3 working days before performance appraisalHuman Resources Assistant to careen or make readily available all documentation required to conduct performance appraisalAfter conducting performance appraisal employee and managers are to sign to say meeting has taken placeAll outcomes of the appraisal are to be approved by Senior Management. This includes proposals for further training, further financial delegation, moving to a different position. These outcomes moldiness be addressed and decided upon in full 14 working days after(prenominal) meeting has taken place.All paper work from appraisal to be finalised 14 worki ng days after meeting has taken place, all management and human resources assistants involved must sign and date relevant paper within this period and present paper work to validation assistant for filing. Administration Assistants are to make copies to distribute to ALL someonenel involved in appraisal for secure storage.All documentation handled during the performance management process to be handled in accordance with living Policy and all hard copies scanned and uploaded into the system as stated in the Documentation Policy.All Management to monitor staff performance daily by management by walking around and encouraging staff feedback and submitting reports on staff performance to relevant HR Department monthly cater excellence in performance to be rewarded fitly immediately when recognised. For more breeding please refer to the staff excellence policy and procedureService Managers to identify any problems or difficulties staff may keep back encountered in achieving their goals and report these to HR Assistants who record details and document them for Head HRService Manager to check with staff daily and encourage feedback on any difficulties that are being experienced with regards to achieving their work goals internal feedback sessions to be conducted with all staff every three monthsManagement are to plan with staff annually from date of employment agreed upon goals that link with JKLs organisational objective and assure that these goals are specific, measureable, achievable, and relevant and have time frames (QDET 2010).Management are to develop team plans annually. Team plans need to consider who is accountable for what and what management has agreed to delivering (QDET 2010). Team plans need to work towards organisational objectives. Team plans need to state what each individual is responsible for achieving and the behaviours expected of them. Individual performance planning takes place after team goals are decided.Management are to conduct regu lar conversations within their respective divisions with team members these include coaching conversations give helpful feedback, listen and ask questions, helps to reinforce the actions and behaviours that are mandatory to achieve team members performance goalsDay-to-day conversations showing genuine have-to doe with in employees and their work will help build effective working relationships and create a supportive environment, gives management and employees open two way communication and the opportunity to provide and receive immediate feedbackManagement are responsible for recording reading about staff performance and documenting conversations that take place during the performance cycle. Management must record staff performance against goals/standards previously decided upon to be able to provide feedback during the formal reviewHuman Resources and Management are responsible for conducting the performance review conversation. These conversations are to take place annually f rom date of commencement of employment. Prior to this previously planned goal have been developed. The performance review conversation meeds to address the followingMeasure actual performance against agreed upon goalsGeneral casual behaviours and how effective these behaviours have beenThings that have helped/hindered team member achieve goals whatever change in responsibilities during cycle that would have affected team member performanceRecognition- module performance is to be recognised accordingly. Staff actualization needs to be directly linked to an achievement. Recognition should be by the way and praised/identified at time of achievement. This can be done conversationally simply by telling staff when they have done a great job and sincerely thanking them. Staff performance can also be recognised in form of career development opportunities when set goals are achieved extremely well, this will be recognised formally in the staff performance appraisal conducted yearly and co ntinuously monitored by relevant line managers.5. Monitoring Staff Performance ExcellenceJKL Industries Policy Performance ExcellencePolicy No.P05/263FunctionPersonnelContact adjustHuman ResourcesAuthoring Organisational UnitHuman ResourcesDate ApprovedRevised 30/8/2012Next Review Date01/02/20145.1 Purpose JKL Industries is committed to providing a work environment that promotes, recognises and rewards performance excellence. The purpose of these principles is to provide an open and unsophisticated system for rewarding and formally recognising performance excellence. The performance reward and mention process is directly linked to the JKL Industries Performance Management System and all awards provided under these principles are determined from appraisal outcomes.It is important to recognise and reward people because itpositively support excellence in behaviours and performancebuilds staff commitment and increases job satisfactionleads to higher retention rates of key staffreduce s stress and builds an environment where people are encouraged to search innovative approaches to their worksends a message to potential staff that staff are valued, and supports a culture of performance excellence5.2 Scope These principles apply to all staff employed at JKL Industries continuously for more than 12 months.5.3 Background The reward recognises performance that exceeds what would be expected of staff in the normal performance of dutiesPerformance excellence must meet one of the following criteriaan big(p) and exceptional achievement or successoutstanding service to internal or external stakeholdersan outstanding or impertinent initiative which has been successfully implementedsignificant improvements to work procedure or operational systems oroutstanding contribution to enhancing the student experience5.4 Definitions zero point5.5 Legislation Fair Work Act 20095.6 Policy JKL Industries aim to make the Reward and Recognition process fair and equitable, transparent and appropriate. The following guidelines synopsis considerations when applying rewards.Ensure that the direct of the reward or actualization is appropriate with the achievement, level of performance or violation on the organisationThe reward process should ensure equity in the distribution of awards, be transparent and be based on merit. Where appropriate, there should be evidence based data to support reward or recognition decisions.Ensure the type or form of rewards and recognition provided to staff are valued and meaningful to the particular staff member(s), recognising their preference for the things they find rewarding and how the recognition is given. For example, some individuals venerate public recognition and others prefer private recognition in person or with a thank you note.Ensure that the reason for the reward and the impact of the behaviour or actions has been clearly communicated, firstly to the individual or team, and consequently to a wider audience (where appropriate)Rewards are not allocated to avoid promotion and reclassification processes barely rewards can be included as support in the promotions process.5.7 ProcedureThe supervisor and HR manager will evaluate the evidence in the documentation from appraisal feedback, to determine which employee they would recommend receive rewards.Costs associated with these rewards are to be met from the cost centre budget and should be funded from productivity gains, either by way of increased income generation or cost savings.The employee must be provided opportunity to respond and provide feedback to any performance recognition reward recommendation including an opportunity to decline performance recognition or to request recognition of the greater team.5.8 Types of RewardsUnofficial rewards spontaneous, timely, sincere and personal appreciation of an individual, team or group. Unofficial rewards may includePraise or thank you, either privately or publicly.Writing a short note or thank yo u card or email.Acknowledgement at staff meetings or other appropriate functions.A Certificate and/or letter of appreciation with a copy placed on the staff members fileProviding small appreciation rewards (e.g. movie tickets, morning teas, area sponsored luncheons, vouchers, plaques). mise en scene up a notice board to display thank you memos, photos, progress towards goals, etc.Implementation of a staff idea or proposal. musical arrangement a personalised return to celebrate a milestone or service anniversary.Providing flexible working arrangements (where appropriate).developmental Opportunities through Job ResponsibilitiesDevelopmental opportunities (e.g. given priority to attend higher level meetings attendance at external conferences).Selected to represent area at a meeting or attend as an observer.Provision of more autonomy in their job. superfluous responsibilities in a job or role.Opportunities for the staff member to provide comment on specific issues, policies etc.Providi ng greater access to information and increased opportunities for input and advice.Mentoring and work shadowing opportunities.Invitation to co-ordinate and chair meeting.Provide increased flexibility in working arrangements e.g. working from home.Opportunities to take on surplus responsibilities that are more personally rewarding.An opportunity to be involved in a major presentation.Provide special project/ assignment work.Smaller Monetary RewardsWhere budgetary conditions allowSmall gifts (e.g. movie tickets, gift voucher, bottle of wine, f trim backs, certificates, plaques).Occasionally allow all staff to leave an minute of arc early in recognition of their efforts.Pay professional membership.Official RewardsEmployees achievements systematically exceed the expectations of performance and reasonable expectation the level of the performance will continue.Salary IncrementOne off bonus payment according to budgetary conditionsPromotion to a higher position within the organisationR esponsibility Loading Where a staff member, as a reward for performance, undertakes or is appointed to a position or role that carries additional responsibilities.Extraordinary Reward and Recognition When the need for a reward locomote outside of the guidelines above and the available formal mechanisms, an Extraordinary Reward can be applied.5.9 Tips and TrapsThe employee must be provided opportunity to respond and provide feedback to any performance recognition reward recommendation including an opportunity to decline performance recognition or to request recognition of the greater team.6. Monitoring Staff MisconductJKL Industries Policy on Managing Misconduct,Managing Unsatisfactory Performance and/or work BehaviourPolicy No.P06/260FunctionPersonnelContact locateHuman ResourcesAuthoring Organisational UnitHuman ResourcesDate ApprovedRevised 30/8/2012Next Review Date01/02/20146.1 Purpose This policy must be read in full before proceeding to address misconduct or unsafe miscon duct. Supervisors must discuss any allegations of misconduct or monstrous misconduct with an officer from Human Resources and their own supervisor.This policy is intended to assist supervisors when handling misconduct in the workplace and to provide guidance in taking appropriate action, andprovide employees with a clear understanding of the processes for dealing with allegations of misconduct or serious misconductEmployees must be afforded procedural wanness throughout the implementation of this policy. Normal standards of respect, politeness and confidentiality must be maintained throughout the process.Nothing in this policy precludes the University from terminating the employment of an employee without notice for serious or wilful misconduct.Depending on the record of the misconduct, it may also be appropriate to refer to the Universitys policy on Anti-Fraud and Corruption.Conduct that is serious misconduct includes but is not limited to theft, fraud, assault, being intoxicate da serious breach of JKL Industries Code of Conduct, statutes or policies ingeminate acts of misconduct for which the employee has been counselledserious bullying or harassment (including sexual harassment)disobeying a lawful and reasonable instruction given by a supervisorabusing or threatening an employee or anyone within the workplacemalicious upon to JKL Industries property or reputationrepeatedly refusing to carry out a lawful or reasonable instruction that is consistent with the employees subscribe of employmentEmployees who are unsure about any aspect of this policy should try further advice from HR.Confidentiality the confidentiality of all parties involved in the management of misconduct and serious misconduct processed must be respected and all information gathered is confidential.6.2 Scope These procedures do not replace the normal responsibility of a supervisor to discuss work or conduct issues with staff members, to ensure that staff members have a clear understanding of the work and conduct expected of them and to provide appropriate feedback on their performance. The emphasis should unendingly be on early intervention and informal resolution of a problem, as opposed to a more formal intervention at a later time. In any event, unless the matter is of a serious nature, the formal disciplinary process outlined below should only be commenced when it becomes clear to the supervisor that a work performance or conduct problem has not been corrected through relatively informal treatment between the supervisor and staff member.Nothing in these procedures prevents JKL Industries from terminating the employment of a staff member for unsatisfactory performance.6.3 Background The managing of unsatisfactory performance requires the principles of instinctive nicety and procedural fairness to underpin all actions undertaken by supervisors. Staff from the Human Resources Section can advise on this.The principles of natural justice areAll parties will have the right to be perceive and judged without biasAll issues are investigated thoroughly and justlyThe principles of procedural fairness areThe standards of conduct or job performance required will be made clear to the staff member by documentation or during interviewsThe staff member will be made awake(predicate) of the likely next steps in the event that satisfactory performance or conduct is or is not maintainedThe staff member will be afforded the right to be accompanied and represented by an employee representative at discussions or interviews at any level of the straighten out processWhen a complaint about performance or conduct is brought to the supervisors attention by a third party, the substance of the complaint will be verified before any action is taken on the matter6.4 DefinitionsDisciplinary Actionis the action or actions taken as a result of an allegation meeting the required standard of proof, for which a penalty is considered appropriate.Penalties may includeFormal reprimand, warning or focusSuspend the employee for a period with or without payDemotion to a lower position or transfer to another positionTermination of employmentDisciplinary Processis the process undertaken by JKL Industries management to investigate and manage allegations of unacceptable conduct or workplace behaviour.Employeemeans a person employed by the JKL Industries who has an ongoing or fixed term contract under the terms of a General Staff Agreements (as amended or replaced from time to time)Employee Representativeis a person nominated by an employee to provide support and/or to make representations to JKL Industries on their behalf, and who is not currently a practising solicitor or barrister.Employee Assistance Program

OSI reference model

OSI reference lesson memoirOSI reference framework is advanced t each(prenominal)ing of net profit. As in that respect was a need of common archetype of communications protocol degrees, this concept promoted the idea and delineate ab bulge interoperability amid net devices and softw argon. net incomeing with protocol standards much(prenominal) as SNA and Decnet argon completely vendor-developed and proprietary which atomic number 18 prior to OSI concept. Industries worked out to sort out such complications, and fix introduced a juvenile concept get a lined OSI which is attempting to get ein truth iodin to insure to common ne bothrk standards to provide multi-vendor interoperability. Many devices were unable to communicate with former(a) protocols directly because of lack of common protocols. It was common for large ne bothrks to sup mien wine bigeminal vane suites. infobase design and distributed developmentbase design were the interest of throw outepas g roup in the archaeozoic and middle 70s. It was clear in the mid 70s that standard distributed communications computer architecture would be required to certification selective cultivationbase machines, distributed door, and the akin. For cultivation of such standardized selective informationbase systems around of the groups have studied the existing solutions, including IBMs system network architecture (SNA), so the work on protocols is done for ARPANET, and some concepts of demonstration work. In cattiness of these defaults which lead to the development of a seven seam architecture cognise internally as the distributed systems architecture (DSA) in 1977.Mean speckle, in 1977 International formation for Standardization has got a proposal that a standard architecture was ask to pay off the communications infrastructure for distributed offshooting by British Standards Institute. Thus, subcommittee on Open System Inter nexus was formed by ISO Technical Committee 97, Su bcommittee 16. The Ameri mint National Standard Institute (ANSI) was charged to develop proposals in advance of the first meeting of the subcommittee.INTRODUCTION-Although the runic of OSI mass seem drilling and academic, actually it is a very utile way to learn to a greater extent about networking. OSI offers a good starting point for assureing the differences among repeaters, switches, and routers, for example. The flummox similarly can support one better understand network protocols.The master(prenominal) idea in OSI is the process of communication betwixt the end points of a two telecommunication network, this can be divide into works, which can be added within its social classs of its own adapt of special, related subprograms. The OSI toughie (and networking imitates developed by new(prenominal) brass sections) attempts to define rules that cover both the generalities and specifics of networks. OSI amaze was non a network standard, but it was utilise as g uidelines for development of network standards. It was become so important that al virtually all study networks standards in use today conform entirely to its seven levels.The family relationship surrounded by OSI model and internet protocol upsurge, as it is known that the new technologies and developments argon emerged based on networks. These networks comprise of protocols and the entire protocol stack. net income protocol stack is based on OSI model. 1OSI MODEL-The modern day networking process is understand by working. OSI model consists of seven levels. They be1. screening level (7th Layer)2. Presentation Layer (6th Layer)3. Session Layer (5th Layer)4. conveyance of title Layer (4th Layer)5. net Layer (3rd Layer)6. data- affiliation Layer (2nd Layer)7. Physical Layer (1st Layer) 2The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven seams. Among, these mould, there are two parts division one is pep pill level and the other is lower form. Upper seam consist of layer 7, 6 and 5 and the lower layer consist of 4, 3, 2 and 1. Among these two layer upper layer loves with the application issues which are generally are tooled hardly in software. The software that implements network serve exchangeable encryption and friendship management. When we consider deals with the info transport issues and the implement much primitive, hardware functions like routing, addressing and flow authority. 3Upper layer ( occupation layer, Presentation layer, Session layer)OSI designates the application, presentation, and session stages of the stack as the upper layers. Software in these layers performs application-specific functions like data formatting, encryption, and connection management. For example -HTTP, SSL and NFSLower layer (Transport layer, Network layer, Physical layer.)Lower layers of the OSI model provide more(prenominal) primitive network-specific functions like routing, addressing, and flow control. For example - transmission control protocol, IP, and EthernetApplication Layer Describes how real work actually gets done. Ex this layer would implement file system operations. And also it defines embrasure to user processes for communication and data transfer in network. It provides standardized function such as realistic terminal, file and job transfer and operations. provides service directly to the user application. Because of the potentially wide variety of application, this layer provide a wealth of services. Among these services are establishing privacy mechanism, au whereforeticating the intended communication partners, and determining if adequate resources are present. 3Presentation layer Describes the syntax of data world transferred. Ex this layer describes how floating point numbers can be interchange mingled with hosts with unalike math formats. Mask the difference of data formats amidst miscellaneous systems. Specifies architecture independent data transfer format. It en codes data like encrypts and decrypts data, compresses and decompresses data. performs data transformation to provide a common port for user application, including services such as reformatting data compression, and encryption.3Session layer In general, describes the organization of data sequences larger than the parcels handled by lower layers. Ex this layer describes how pick up and result shares are paired in a remote map call. It mange user session and dialogues. And also controls establishment and exhalation of logic amongst users. Reports upper layer errors. establishes, manages and end user connection and manages the interaction between end systems. Services includes such thing as establishing communication as full or half duplex and grouping data3Transport Layer-In general, describes the quality and nature of the data talking to. Ex this layer defines if and how retransmissions go forth be use to ensure data delivery. Manage lengthways message delivery in network . Provides unquestionable and sequential packet delivery through error recovery and flow control mechanisms. Provides connectionless oriented packet delivery insulates the three upper layer, 5 through 7, from having deal with the complexities of layer 1 through 3by providing the function necessary to as authoritative a reliable network link. Among other function, this layer provides error recovery and flow control between the two end points of the network connections.3Network layer -In general, describes how a series of exchanges over assorted data links can deliver data between any two nodes in a network. Ex this layer defines the addressing and routing structure of the mesh. Network layer function determines how data are transferred between network devices. Routes packets according to unique network device addresses. It provides flow and congestion control to prevent network resource depletion. Establishes, maintains and terminates network connection . Among other functions, s tandard define how data routing and relaying are handled3Data link layer In general, describes the logical organization of data bits transmit on a particular ordinary. Ex this layer defines the framing, addressing and check summing of Ethernet packets. Defines procedures for run the communication links and frames packets. And also detects and refuses packets transmit errors. ensures the reliability of the bodily link established at layer 1 . standard defines how data frames are recognized and provide necessary flow control and error handling at the frame level.3Physical layer In general, describes the physical properties of the various communications media, as well as the electrical properties and interpretation of the exchanged signals. Ex this layer defines the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, the type of BNC connector used, and the termination method. Physical later defines physical means of sending data network devices and defines optical, electrical and mechanical charac teristics and interfaces between network medium and devices. controls transmission of the barren bit stream over transmission medium. Standard for this layer define such parameter as the sum of signal voltage swings, the continuance of voltage and so on.3INFLUENCEThe protocol stack or mesh protocol stack also show enamour of the OSI model most of the lyric is same, and most of the books present an mesh protocol stack that uses OSI terminology and that includes physical and data link layer. save in 1981 denomination by john postal, Carl Sunshine and Danny Cohen there is a diagram showing the internet protocol functioning on top of one of the several(prenominal) Network protocol and it describe such network protocol as being the packet transmission protocol in each individual network. In a article 1983 by Vinton Cerf- often referred to as one of the design father of the internet and Edward Cain that the layer that IP function is called networkwork layer and the layer un der that is Network layer. We can universally that the layer at which IP function is called the Network Layer and the important layer was called Network layer is usually omitted. 4transmission control protocol/IP transmission control protocol/IP was in the first place developed as a question experiment. It has become the backbone of thr learning superhighway. It provides users with the back bone services used to carry popular services such as the World Wide Wed (www), E-Mail and other. In late 70s as a US Government Advanced question Project Agency (ARPA) research development project, the ARPANET. This has grown to provide connection to system world wide, helping bring the information age into reality.transmission control protocol/IP is not really a protocol, but a situate of protocols a protocol stack, as it is most comm simply called. Its name, for example, already refers to two different protocols, transmission control protocol (Transmission Control communications protocol) and IP (Internet communications protocol). There are several other protocols related to transmission control protocol/IP like FTP, HTTP, SMTP and UDP just to name a few.The transmission control protocol/IP suite can be understood as a stack of discrete component with a form architecture. The transport layer and below of the TCP/IP suite can be viewed in the figure. The link covers the internetwork and transport protocols. The delivery of packets between the next nodes in an internetwork id provided bye the link protocols. This link delivery only implies that delivered information is intact. Internetwork layer is responsible for addressing and routing of packets between source and destination nodes within the network. At the final the transport layer provides full service to transfer information between them.5Application layer Application layer is the communication between programs and transport protocol. Several different protocols works on the Application layer. The beaten(pr enominal) protocols HTTP, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, DNS and Telnet. Application layer commucate through Transport layer that to through a port. Ports are numbered and standard applications always use the same port. For example , SMTP protocol always use port 25, and HTTP protocol always use port 89 and FTP protocol always use ports 20 for data transmission and 21 for control.6Transport layer-The layers gets data from the Application layer and divide into several data packets. It is the most uses TCP. After receiving data TCP protocol gets the packets which sent by the Internet layer and make the in an order, because arrives at the destiny in out of order. Transport layer also check if the content of the received packet are intact and reply by giving eff signal to the transmitter , allowing it to know that the packet arrived in an order at the destiny. If there are no acknowledge signal is received it re send the lost packet.6Internet layer IP address is the unique virtual identity on TCP/IP network of each computer. It as charge of adding a point to the data packets received from the Transport layer. Where other control data will, it will add source IP address and target IP address. the physical address assigned to the network card of each computer. This address is write on the network card RO and is call MAC address. Let us suppose A computer want send a data to B computer so the A want to know the B MAC address but in small local field of force network computer can easily discover each other MAC address, this is an easy task. If there is no any virtual addressing were used we must to know the MAC address of the destination computer, which is not only a hard task but also does not help out packet routing, because it does not use a tree like structure.6Network Interface Layer-The next is the network interface layer, the datagram generated on the upper layer will be sent to the network interface layer if we are sending data, or the Network Interface layer will get d ata from the network and send it to the Internet layer, if we are receiving data. The Network Interface Layer breaks down the packets from the Internet Layer into frames and then eventually into bits for transmission crosswise the physical network medium. Signalling and network medium standards such as Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X .25, Frame Relay, RS-232, and v.35 are delimit in this layer. Network Interface Controller (NIC) Cards, network hubs, repeaters, bridges, and switches operate at this level.6TCP/IP and OSI MODEL-TCP/IP is defined in term of the protocols that constitute it. Most of the critical protocols functions are their lower layer of the OSI Reference MODEL that are layer 2, 3 and 4 which harmonize to the network interface that is internet and transport layer in the TCP/IP model. Which includes all important IP at layer 3 and TCP at layer 4 which combine to give TCP/IP the name to it. TCP contains four subsections. The first description are thetwo TCP/IP protocols that reside at the network layer, layer 2 of the OSI model PPP and SLIP. And the second details a distich of special protocol that reside between layer 2 and 3 ARP and RARP. The third covers the TCP/IP internet layer (i.e) OSI network layer and layer 3 including IP and several other related and support protocol. At the final the fourth describes the TCP/IP transports layer protocols TCP and UDP.7The lower layer of the OSI model is the physical layer which responsible for the transmittance information from one place to another on a network. The layer just above the physical layer is the data link layer and in TCP/IP its call has Network interface layer. Its main job is to implement network at local level and interface between the hardware oriented physical layer, and the ore abstract, software oriented function of the network layer and the above it.8Effects of Internet-As a consequence of the development of internet, the internet protocol best effort delivery. But it is considered to be unreliable when it is talked about its service. In other network architectural language it is called as connection-less protocol. Thus it has its contrast implications to so called connecting modes of transmission. This lack of reliability causes many personal cause. The major problems raised areData corruption helpless data packetsDuplicate arrivalOut-of-order packet deliveryComing to the effects based on IPv4 and IPv6, they are as follows.IETF declared that IPv4 will not be able to accommodate the need for ever increasing amount of IP addresses in the next few years. The increase and expansion of IP addresses are essential to accommodate following. They are used for pro life storyration of internet devices such as personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless devices, and new Internet appliances the expansion of internet through the world the increasing applications of internet access requirements of emerging internet applications. Thus decrease in usage of IPv4 effects all the above mentioned utilizes. The solution for this problem is found from development of IPv6 which enables a mass market and the increased adoption of the internet.IPv4 was in existence and effectively working from almost 20 years. But now all of its near four billion of address seems to be getting finished. Because with the tremendous egression of the internet devices and blocks of the ip addresses assigned to various organizations and countries. This fast growth in the number of devices e.g. Mobiles, computers, music players, etc. it looked as if IPv4 addresses would be exhausted in near future. In order to overcome this problem and increasing life for IPv4 certain measures have been taken e.g. network address translation (NAT), classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) and PPP/DHCP. But all of these solutions are temporary and they made networks more complex and difficult for one to understand and implement.Internet push-down list feignThe Internet mob Mo del employs a Internet Protocol Stack or Suite both these words are used interchangeably. This can be defined as the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. As discussed earlier Protocol is a set of rules in a network. The names of the two protocols which employed the Internet Stack Model are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were also the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. A protocol stack (sometimes communications stack) is a particular software implementation of a computer networking protocol suit. In practical implementation, protocol stacks are often divided into three major sections media, transport, and applications. A particular run system or platform will often have two well-defined software interfaces one between the media and transport layers, and one between the transport layers and applications.Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted.1Difference between OSI and TCP/IP-OSI model is the standard reference model that describes how the protocols should interact with one another. This was invented by the Department of Defense.TCP/IP does map clearly into OSI model, but is so convenient to think in terms of the OSI model when explaining protocols.The major differences are-The application layer in TCP/IP handles the responsibilities of layers 5, 6 and 7 in the OSI model.The transport layer in TCP/IP does not always guarantee reliable delivery of packets at the transport layer, while the OSI model does. TCP/IP also offers an option called UDP that does not guarantee reliable packet delivery. 9TCP/IP appears to be a more simpler model and this is mainly due to the situation that it has fewer layersTCP/IP is considered to be a more credible model- This is mainly due to the fact because TCP/IP protocols are t he standards around which the internet was developed and then it mainly gains creditability due to this reason. Where as in contrast networks are not usually built around the OSI model as it is merely used as a guidance toolThe OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers whereas the TCP/IP only has 4 layers.Disadvantages of OSI modelMajor harms of OSI model are unforesightfully timing disadvantageously technologyBad implementationsBad Timing Presently it appears that standard OSI protocols got crushed. It was completed too late, TCP/IP had already taken hold and become the familiar standard for research universities by the time the OSI Model was readyBad Technology- some(prenominal) the models and protocols are flawed. As mentioned about the layers, cause major disadvantage of this model. operative on OSI model which is associated with several definitions and protocols is extraordinarily complex. The reappearance of functions in each layer also cause problem. nearly of those f unctions are addressing, flow control, and error control. Certain important features are placed in every layer. Some times the decisions taken for placing these features are not obvious. In the past the presentation layer had virtual terminal handling which is presently used in application layer. Data security, encryption and network management were also omitted. The literary criticism given by world is that communication mentality is increasing rapidly.Bad Implementations Initial implementations made by people were huge ,unwieldy and slow Because of the complexness of the model, the initial implementations were huge, unwieldy, and slow. As time is passing the product got betterments, but notional image stuck. 10everyone who tried to implement it got burned, giving OSI a reputation for poor qualityDisadvantages of TCP/IP modelWhen TCP/IP is compared with IPX there are few drawbacks.IPX is faster compared to TCP/IP.TCP/IP is multiform to set up and manage.The overhead of TCP/IP is higher than that of IPX.The process involved in TCP/IP is long. The entire process is, port numbers are assigned by the Internet Assigned numbers Authority (IANA), and they identify the process to which a particular packet is committed to. Port numbers are found in the packet header. 11. a few(prenominal) more disadvantages of this model are software used for strict layering is very inefficient. When buffers are provided they leave space for headers which are added by lower layer protocols. 12Security-Internet has become a phenomenon. Sharing Files, transferring Files all across the network has caused the users to think about some serious problems that are being raised due to the phenomenon of Internet. Security is another issue that sits at the top of the level as designers and developers both struggle to give out the correct form of measures to be taken to deal with the issue of Network Security. Since the Protocol Stack has got just one layer to really check the authenticity of the packets that pass through the layers and the network. It has allowed the network to become more susceptible to international threats. Since, reckoners that are connected to each other create a network. These networks are often configured with open Internet Protocol (IP) addresses that is, the devices on the network are visible to devices outside the network. Networks can also be configured as esoteric meaning that devices outside the network cannot see or communicate directly to them.Computers on a public network have the advantage (and disadvantage) that they are completely visible to the Internet. As such, they have no boundaries between themselves and the rest of the Internet community. This advantage oftentimes becomes a diaphanous disadvantage since this visibility can lead to a computer pic exploit -e.g. Hacking if the devices on the public network are not by rights secured.To plainly counter this strategy the, we employ a private local area network and make the network a private network then the disadvantage of a private network would be that it entails more configuration and judiciary to maintain usability. At times, not being fully visible on the Internet can cause some difficulty in connecting to certain services, such as streaming audio/video, chat/instant electronic messaging programs, or some secure Web sites.Maintaining most computers on a private network, with only an IDP/IDS and/or Firewall visible to the public Internet helps maintain a highly secure environment for the computers on the private network, while at the same time keeping them connected to the public Internet.13Benefits of OSI model-The OSI Model is a standard and a very useful tool to deal with the problems of networking. The OSI model is also a standard model for networking protocols and distributed application. In the OSI model there are a total of 7 network layers. The layers of OSI provide the levels of abstraction. Each layer performs a different set of funct ions and the intent was to make each layer as independent as possible from all the others. This guarantees the security to each packet that passes through these layers also, it gelds the complexness of packet routing through each layer thus reducing the threat of congestion in the network.Each layer uses the information from the below layer and provides a service to the layer above in the OSI Model. 14Conclusion plain though OSI model has a few limitations it cannot be said that the model is not suitable anymore because talking about the time and the influence of the OSI model on the networking as whole has had a lot of positive degree causes. Even if we have many new models coming up with different improvements the base model is always the OSI model. What we can take out of the OSI model are mainly the benefits of the OSI model and which even are the major characteristics needed for creating a good model. The OSI Model is perhaps the most imp lest and astray used through the wor ld. Owing to the advantages of this network we are able to reduce the complexity and save time when passing data on a network.Reference-1) John Larmouth (1996) Understanding OSI International Thomson Computer Press, Michigan. USA2) Computer networks 3rd edition by ANDREW S. TANENBAUM3) Standard network layer architecture, By Bradley Mitchell http//compnetworking.about.com/cs/designosimodel/a/osimodel.htm4)http//www2.rad.com/networks/introductory/layers/main.htm5) By Douglas Comers http//www.cellsoft.de/telecom/tcpip.htm6) Author Gabriel Torres http//www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/433/1,2,3,4,5,67) Charles M. Kozierok.http//www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_TCPIPLowerLayerInterfaceInternetandTransportProtoc.htm8) Charles M. Kozierokhttp//www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DataLinkLayerTechnologiesandProtocols.htmhttp//itprofesionals.blogspot.com/2009/01/what-is-difference-between-osi-model.html10) Computer Networks Fourth Edition by Andrew S. Tanenbaum11)www.tech-faq.com/understanding-the-osi-model. shtmlwww.bookrags.com/wiki/OSI_model13) Behrouz A. Forouzan, Sophia Chung Fegan (2004). Data Communications and Networking, McGraw-Hill Professional, USA.14) http//compnetworking.about.com/cs/designosimodel/a/osimodel.htm

Sonia and Raskolnikov in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

Sonia and Raskolnikov in annoyance and punishment Sonia and Raskolnikov be two characters that interact with each other in the novel, Crime and Punishment. They interact on multiple levels, sharing several likenesses. Both of these characters are at-times self-sacrificing, both are struggling for meaning in a racy existence, and both are generally unhappy people, but brighten and attend to enjoy each others presence--even when Raskolnikov is berating her religion. What is self-renunciation, for which these characters and so many a(prenominal) people rough the world engage in? It is a desire to help those approximately us more than we wish to help ourselves. This is not normal sympathetic advance, although it can be brought about easily by societal pressures, and sometimes even political societies can compel this attitude. Sonia practices a form of altruism for her family however. She acquires a yellow card and takes her body off to the moral butcher by sacrificing it to others for money--money that will go to her starving, poor family. Though not his dominant state of mind or action, Raskolnikov does have temporal tendencies towards self-sacrifice. It seems that part of his state of mind when considering the murder of the pawnbroker is that he will be helping orderliness as a whole--definitely a motive that comes from outside the self. Sonia and Raskolnikov share many characteristics that make them an interesting encounter for each other. A tendency to self-sacrifice for one, and a life of it for another, provides for an amalgam of psychological likenesses which help the characters relate. Due in part to their self-sacrificing lives, both characters are in any case trying to take care for meaning in the dreary existence which they are subjected to. Sonia finds this meaning in the Bible, in a belief in God. Raskolnikov writes a theory. He finds puff in opinion that he himself is a god-like creature, he believes he is extraordinary. A belief i n being a subject of the Divine and thinking that there are two divisions of men is extremely close. Both of these characters also have their meaning attacked. Porfiry Petrovich attacks and picks for holes in the theory of Raskolnikov. Perhaps as a reaction to this, Raskolnikov picks holes in the support for meaning in Sonias life--God, the Bible, and her faith. The final glues that continually attracts these two characters is the fact that all their morbid similarities bring them together so that they actually enjoy each others presence.

Effects of Melatonin Treatment :: Biology Essays Research Papers

http//www.ceri.com/melaton.htmEffects of Melatonin TreatmentIn order to discuss Melatonin as a drug and its effects on behavior we need to circumscribe Melatonin and what role it plays in relation to brain and behavior. Melatonin is a hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream by the pineal gland. The pineal gland is a small, pea coat structure near the center of the brain. Signals from the eyes regulate the secretion of Melatonin. A persons internal clock, leave behind fluctuate between a 23-25 hour a day cycle. Therefore, our Melatonin levels decrease and increase with the rising and setting of the sun, which aid to put an individual on a 24 hour awake/ short sleep cycle.(1) The actual effects of taking Melatonin orally have been disputed for instead some(prenominal) time. Some facts that I had picked up were that Melatonin levels decrease with age. This decline canful account for the difficulty many elderly people have with falling asleep. As the pineal gland breaks d d eliver, less and less Melatonin is being released, wherefore making it more difficult to regulate the internal clock. There is console a lot of information about Melatonin that remains un have a go at itn. There is oft controversy as to what the drug actually can, and does, do. Many people claim that it is capable of extending a persons life, curing insomnia, working as an anti-oxidant, changing a persons mood, de-stressing people, improving ones sexual life, and curing certain types of depression, solely many moot otherwise. (2) I am not thoroughly convinced either track because of the contrasting opinions. I decided to make my own observations and come to my own conclusions by conducting a little experiment of my own. I am dismissal to focus on just the effects of whether or not Melatonin will aid people in getting sleep. Observation has always been a simple way for me to derive whether or not something actually works. except in light of our class discussion, I do not know if that is the most appropriate way to look at things. We have discussed that some behavior is internal and we do not see that on the exterior of the body. But for all intents and purposes, my observations for the effectiveness of Melatonin were external ones. My internal clock is very messed up. I usually sleep until 930 in the morning, but never head off to bed before 3 or 330. So Melatonin looked like a very appealing view to procure a little more sleep.

Steroid Use in Professional Sports :: Athletics Drugs Papers

Steroid Use in Professional SportsFor fans, the issue of steroid role in professional sports is angiotensin-converting enzyme of growing concern. Professional athletes were once hailed as tramp models for young Americans, now there is an asterisk next to many names once idolized. Is he legitimately getting bigger, faster, and stronger? Is he one of the leagues best, strictly due to his talent and work value orientation alone? Or is he one of those guys? Maybe former NBA great, Charles Barkley, had it decent when he said, I am not a roll model. solely maybe, just maybe, these men and women have a responsibility to the kids who adore them to do the right wing thing to compete at the highest level with absolute genuineness in the way they go about doing it. Maybe they ar roll models and because they are, they must conduct themselves in a way that is respectable and right. The problem of steroid use in professional sports is perpetuated because the current test policies in such l eagues as Major League Baseball are not strict or comprehensive enough to curb the benefits athletes assemble from steroid use. They have sub-par policies and are conducting sub-par testing practices. Since we cannot count on the athletes themselves to rid the leagues of this problem, the leagues need to instruct steroids on and defeat it with stricter regulations. Testing of steroids is simply unavailing in professional sports and until something is done the negative influence it has upon Americas youth will continue to grow.Anabolic steroids, which can be interpreted as a pill or as an injection, are a derivative of and mimic the effects of the male sex hormone testosterone. some(prenominal) men and women naturally produce testosterone, although women make very small amounts in comparison to men. Testosterones role in the body is two-fold first, it maintains the male reproductive system, including issue and maintenance of the male sexual characteristics of a deeper voice, gre ater amounts of body hair, large body size, and greater vigor mass. Second, for a short period of clock time at the onset of puberty in young men, testosterone production rises dramatically to stimulate the bulk of the male physical maturation process which leads to affluent bone growth, deepening voice, and growth of facial hair. It is this ability to promote muscle growth, increase lean body mass, and decrease body fat that entices teenagers to take anabolic steroids.

Gun Control Essay -- Persuasive Essays

In the showing of all the school shootings in the past fifteen years triggerman control has become a more serious issue than before. catalyst control has always been a concern in the United States, further not until the first major school shootings at Columbine full(prenominal) School in Littleton, Colorado did this topic become a world to the American public. In 1999, this massacre left fifteen people late(prenominal) including the assassins. And just recently on March 5, 2001 did the tradition continue, when Charles Andrew Williams killed two classmates, passing many injured in Santee California. School shootings has become a genuinely popular topic in the arguments for gun control. Gun control laws snap on making guns more difficult to obtain, as well as easier to trace (Smith 4). Although, many see gun control as a violation of their amendments. The second amendment in the constitution proclaims that as citizens of the United States, a person has the right to bear arms. Now, this amendment does not apply to e reallyone, those who have been convicted of a felony may not own a gun. One can sweep up three sides in the political battle over gun control. The sides atomic number 18 for gun control, against gun control, or gun control with restrictions. It is all very confusing, but somehow the Democratic and republican parties make it easier for us to understand. In their own words of course, and sometimes they might agree with each other. Sometimes.... The Republican Party be...

Helper Client Confidentiality Essay -- Psychology

Informed consent and confidentiality play a very most-valuable role in the helping profession. The helper needs to clearly beam to the client that the entropy shared with them is confidential, meaning that it is not reused for any another(prenominal) purpose other than to assist the client with what they are there to elaborate on (Hill, p.65). The professional must also communicate the three exceptions in which the reading shared is not kept confidential. Those exceptions are1)When information regarding child, adult, or elder abuse is revealed.2)When the client reports information that he or she is in danger of harming oneself or others.3)When the client has authorized in writing that information from ones file bed be released.It is also important to share with the client that a supervisor within the organization may also be made aware of the clients information as sometimes cases need to be discussed for guidance and to ensure quality of services delivered.Discussing confide ntiality with a client stomachs great benefits for the client/helper relationship. The client should olfactory property assured about the therapeutic process, and providing them with such information at the beginning can help to ease the clients concerns about what can and cannot be done with their information. The client should feel at ease when the helper informs him or her that their information is strictly confidential except given the circumstance say above. It is also an opportunity for the client to ask question for clarification and feel empowered from the beginning. It is possible that a client could have some self-consciousness with the confidentiality and informed consent process and as a result consider not to proceed with therapy. The loss of a clients p... ...sitive information with his family members and close friends, he cannot approach the counseling process like that. for each one client has the right to choose who they wish to confide in, even if he belie ves that by sharing the information would result in a dampen quality of life for the client. Without a clear intent of harm to oneself, the therapist should honor the clients wishes while still trying to provide a therapeutic setting. As time passes, it is possible for the client to diverseness her view of the situation, and perhaps even her course of action after more(prenominal) time is spent gaining insight. Works CitedHill, C.E. (2009). Helping skills Facilitating Exploration, Insight, and Action, 3rd ed. Washington, DC American Psychological Association.Sharf, R.S. (2012). Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling Concepts and Cases, 5th ed. Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole.